Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESA2 - Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Introduction to Endocrinology > Flashcards

Introduction to Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of a control system?

A

1) Stimulus
2) Receptor
3) Communication - afferent (eg hormones, AP)
4) Control centre (determines set point, analyses afferent input and determines response)
5) Communication - efferent
6) Effector (eg muscles, glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

A tiny region of the brain in the hypothalamus responsible for controlling circadian rhythms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a zeitgeber?

A

a rhythmically occurring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in the regulation of the body’s circadian rhythms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which hormone is involved in setting the biological clock?

A

Melatonin (from pineal gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting, ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some of the major endocrine glands?

A

Hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testis/ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of hormones released by the heart?

A

ANP and BNP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of hormones released by the stomach?

A

Gastrin, ghrelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of an important hormone released by the liver?

A

IGF1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of an important hormone released by adipose tissue?

A

Leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is some examples of hormones released by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin, renin, calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What features do the endocrine and nervous systems have in common?

A

1) Both secrete
2) Both can be depolarised
3) Some molecules act as both a neurotransmitter and a hormone
4) Their mechanisms of action requires interaction with specific receptors
5) Both systems work in parallel to control homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the classes of hormones?

A

Peptide/polypeptide
Amino acid derivatives (amines)
Glycoproteins
Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What class is the largest group of hormones?

A

Peptide/polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False:

Peptide hormones are all lipid soluble

A

False

All water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some examples of peptide/polypeptide hormones?

A

Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some examples of amino acid derived hormones?

A 
Adrenaline/noradrenaline (tyrosine)
Thyroid hormones (tyrosine)
Melatonin (tryptophan)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the solubility of adrenal medulla hormones

A

Water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the solubility of thyroid hormones

A

Lipid soluble

20
Q

What are some examples of glycoprotein hormones?

A

LH, FSH, TSH

21
Q

Describe the solubility of the glycoprotein hormones

A

All water soluble

22
Q

What are steroid hormones all derived from?

A

Cholesterol

23
Q

What are some examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone

24
Q

What is the solubility of steroid hormones?

A

All lipid soluble

25
Q

True or False:

Only the free form of a hormone is biologically active

A

True

26
Q

What is a bound hormone?

A

Free hormone + binding protein

27
Q

What are the roles of carrier proteins?

A

Increase solubility of hormone in plasma
Increase half life
Readily accessible reserve

28
Q

What 3 main factors determine hormone levels in the blood?

A

1) Synthesis and secretion
2) Rate of delivery
3) Rate of degradation

29
Q

What are some examples of cell surface receptors?

A

GPCRs, tyrosine kinase receptors

30
Q

What is an exception to the rule that tyrosine kinase dimerise when an agonist binds?

A

Insulin receptor - already dimerised

31
Q

What happens when an agonist binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor?

A

Dimerisation, autophosphorylation of specific tyrosines, recruitment of adapter proteins and signalling complex, activation of protein kinase, phosphorylation of target proteins, cell response

32
Q

What happens when a lipid soluble hormone binds to a cytoplasmic receptor?

A

Receptor-hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA

33
Q

What is a hormone response element?

A

A hormone response element (HRE) is a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription.

34
Q

What is the satiety centre?

A

Appetite control centre located in the hypothalamus

35
Q

What are nuclei in the hypothalamus?

A

Several clusters of neurones

36
Q

Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays a central role in controlling appetite?

A

Arcuate nucleus

37
Q

What neurones promote hunger?

A

Stimulatory neurones - contain NPY and AgRP

38
Q

What neurones promote satiety?

A

Inhibitory neurones - contain POMC which yields several neurotransmitters including a-MSH and B-endorphin

39
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Peptide hormone released from stomach wall when empty - stimulates excitatory primary neurones in arcuate nucleus and therefore stimulates appetite

40
Q

What is PYY?

A

Peptide hormone released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding - inhibits excitatory primary neurones of arcuate nucleus and stimulates inhibitory neurones - suppresses appetite

41
Q

What is leptin?

A

Peptide hormone released into blood by adipocytes

42
Q

What two effects does leptin have in the arcuate nucleus?

A

1) Stimulates inhibitory neurones (POMC)

2) Inhibits excitatory neurones (AgRP/NPY)

43
Q

What effect does leptin have on mitochondria?

A

Induces expression of uncoupling proteins, energy therefore dissipated as heat

44
Q

What is amylin?

A

Peptide hormone secreted by beta cells in the pancreas

Supresses appetite, decreases glucagon secretion and slow gastric emptying

45
Q

What is pramlintide?

A

Amylin analogue - treatment of type 2 diabetes

ESA2 - Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions