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ESA2 - Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology > Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight > Flashcards

Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight Flashcards

1
Q

What do catabolic processes do?

A

Break down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

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2
Q

What do anabolic processes do?

A

Use energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

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3
Q

What do living things require energy for?

A

Biosynthetic work, transport work, mechanical work, electrical work and osmotic work

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4
Q

What type of energy is used by cells?

A

Chemical bond energy

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5
Q

What is the SI unit of food energy>

A

Kilojoule

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6
Q

What does ‘calorie’ actually mean?

A

Kilocalorie

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7
Q

How many kilojoules per calorie?

A

4.2 kJ

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8
Q

What does the carbohydrate in our diet provide?

A

Mostly energy

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9
Q

What does the protein in our diet provide?

A

Amino acids and energy

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10
Q

What does the fat in our diet provide?

A

Energy and essential fatty acids

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11
Q

What is fibre necessary for?

A

Normal GI function

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12
Q

What are some major dietry carbohydrates?

A

Starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, glucose, maltose, glycogen

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13
Q

What is lactose?

A

Glucose & galactose disaccharide

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14
Q

What is sucrose?

A

Table sugar!

Glucose & fructose dissacharide

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15
Q

What is maltose?

A

Glucose-glucose dissacharide

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16
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polymer of glucose, carbohydrate storage molecule in animals

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17
Q

Why can’t we get energy from cellulose?

A

We lack enzymes that break the b1-4 glycosidi bonds

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18
Q

How many amino acids cannot be synthesised by the body and are therefore essential?

A

9

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19
Q

What are the essential amino acids?

A 
Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine
Mnemonic =
If
Learned
This
Huge
List
May 
Prove
Truly
Valuable
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20
Q

What other amino acids may children and pregnant women require from the diet?

A

Arginine, tyrosine and cysteine

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21
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol)

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22
Q

Why do fats yield more energy?

A

Contain much less oxygen than carbohydrates or protein, more reduced so yield more energy when oxidised

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23
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D E and K

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24
Q

What are some essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic and linolenic

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25
Q

What state do saturated fats tend to be in at room temperature?

A

Solid

26
Q

What state do unsaturated fats tend to be in at room temperature?

A

Liquid

27
Q

What are some essential minerals and why?

A

Calcium and phosphorus (structural)
Magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum (enzyme co factors)
Iron (haemoglobin)

28
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin A result in?

A

Xerophthalmia

29
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin D result in?

A

Rickets

30
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin E result in?

A

Neurological abnormalities

31
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin K result in?

A

Defective blood clotting

32
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin B1 result in?

A

Beriberi

33
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin B12 result in?

A

Anaemia

34
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin B6 result in?

A

Dermatitis, anaemia

35
Q

What can a deficiency of biotin result in?

A

Alopecia, scaly skin, CNS defects

36
Q

What can a deficiency of vitamin C result in?

A

Scurvy

37
Q

What can a deficiency of choline result in?

A

Liver damage

38
Q

What can a deficiency of folate result in?

A

Neural tube defects, anaemia

39
Q

What can a deficiency of niacin result in?

A

Pellagra

40
Q

What can a deficiency of pantothenic acid result in?

A

Fatigue, apathy

41
Q

What can a deficiency of riboflavin result in?

A

Ariboflavinosis

42
Q

What is low fibre intake associated with?

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

43
Q

What is a high fibre intake associated with?

A

Reduced cholesterol and risk of diabetes

44
Q

What is RNI and what is it used for?

A

Reference Nutrient Intake - used for protein, vitamins and minerals

45
Q

What is EAR and what is it used for?

A

Estimated Average Requirement - used for energy

46
Q

What is the RNI enough to ensure?

A

Enough to ensure the needs of 97.5% are being met, many within that group will need less

47
Q

What is the LRNI only enough for?

A

Only enough for the small number of people (2.5%) who have low requirements - the majority will need more

48
Q

What is the EAR the requirement for?

A

Around 50% of group - 50% require more

49
Q

What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?

A

Basal metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and physical activity level

50
Q

What factors affect basal metabolic rate?

A

Body size, gender, environmental temperature, endocrine status and body temperature

51
Q

How much does an increase of 1 degree of body temperature increase BMR?

A

By 12%

52
Q

How does environmental temperature affect BMR?

A

Increases in cold

53
Q

Define obesity

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue whih impairs health - BMI > 30

54
Q

What are the units of BMI?

A

Kg/m^2

55
Q

What is the equation to calculate BMI?

A

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height^2 (m^2)

56
Q

What is a greater proportion of fat in the upper body associated with?

A

Increased risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, stroke, premature death

57
Q

What is the main sign of Kwashiorkor?

A

Too much fluid in tissues causing oedema

58
Q

Why does malnutrition often lead to oedema?

A

Low protein intake results in insufficient blood protein synthesis leading to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure and therefore oedema

59
Q

What is the normal fasting plasma concentration of glucose?

A

3.3-6.0 mmol/L

60
Q

How does phosphocreatine provide initial bursts of energy?

A

Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first 2 to 7 seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort.

ESA2 - Metabolism, Endocrinology and Haematology (19 decks)

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