The Host & Saliva Flashcards
4 Factors that determine caries risk:
- Bacteria (“the Agent”)
- Host Factors (“the host”)
- Oral Cavity Environment (“The Environment”)
- Time
What caries factors factors do we have less control over
Disease indicators
Explain what entails being genetically pre-disposed
They become pre-disposed because their salivary flow is not adequate, or their tooth morphology includes deep pits and fissures. Maybe they don’t
have enough phagocytic cells to fight off the bacterial infection, or their immune system doesn’t run efficiently enough to keep the infection under control.
The ___ enamel allows for water and ion movement because it is more organic than the enamel rods are.
interrod
If you are more genetically predisposed to having a little more organic material in your enamel, you might be more susceptible to caries
yes no?
___ ____ during formation, demineralization, and remineralization is also important. If you don’t have the correct ions needed to form (or re-form) enamel, the result is a weaker structure
yes
Ion exchange
the mineral matrix of enamel and dentin are made up of hydroxyapatite. However, in teeth, it is an imperfect ________structure due to the addition of carbonate to the hydroxyl group – which is where it gets its name: hydroxyapatite.
hydroxyapatite
A perfect ____mineral results in a very translucent, crystal structure – some of which are considered to be gemstones.
apatite
2 of the main components in hydroxyapatite are ___ and ____!!!
Calcium
Phosphate
Calcium is a large, necessary component of hydroxyapatite, but when there is a deficiency of calcium the body will replace it with ___ and ___. This makes a weaker structure
Magnesium Mg2+
Na Sodium
In the presence of fluoride, however, the structure is strengthened. The F- replaces the ___group and makes it less soluble in an acidic environment
On the flip side, if there is not enough (or NO) fluoride exposure, then ____ may substitute for phosphate and the hydroxyl group of hydroxyapatite.
hydroxyl
carbonate
Just as a general “rule-of-thumb,” dentin is ___ deficient.
the peritubular dentin that lines the dentinal tubules is highly mineralized
calcium
ssp
sub species within that genus
Corynebacterium
is normal or not normal oral flora
normal
One of the benefits of these particular bacteria is their ability to take the metabolic waste by- products of more cariogenic bacteria and consume it, and then producing a less acidic waste product. In effect, they help to neutralize a more acidic environment.
Veillonella & Strep. Sanguinis
Saliva has antimicrobial activity of enzymes and ____ that are present
immunoglobulins
____, in particular, plays a role in reducing the bacterial infection due to its ability to effect and damage bacterial cell walls. It is also worth noting that you can find ___ in tears and human breast milk as well.
Lysozyme
____ particularly alpha-____, plays a significant role not only in carbohydrate digestion but in bacterial clearance and metabolism.
Amylase,
___ is primarily secreted by the von Ebner’s glands and serves as an antimicrobial agent against a variety of pathogens. It helps to regulate the oral flora balance – especially when new bacteria are introduced and unestablished.
Histatin
high amount of Ca2+ and ____- in saliva, the caries rate is decreased. And when there are low amounts of these minerals, the caries rate is increased.
PO43
Lymphocytes:
The small cells (T & ___ cells) create and release the Salivary Antibodies mentioned in the next slide and the
NK cells provide additional ___ of pathogenic cells
B
phagocytosis
Salivary Antibodies: Secretory IgA aids in the agglutination of bacterial cells and marking them for phagocytosis through the _______.
opsonization
The older a person is, the more susceptible they are to ______, the more medications that they may take, the weaker the immune system is overall.
co-morbidities
4 Natural Defense Mechanisms
- Anatomical Barriers
- Normal Oral Flora
- Saliva
- Immune System
