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2020 Cariology > Dental Plaque Specific Bacteria Theory > Flashcards

Dental Plaque Specific Bacteria Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Requires 3 Factors + Time

A

Tooth
Bacteria
Substrate (fermentable carbohydrates)

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2
Q

Sometimes referred to as the ___ ___because time is often considered to be the fourth factor. It depends on the author who is reporting or running the study.

A

Caries Quad

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3
Q

Infectious Disease Process can be transmitted from person to person true or false

A

true

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4
Q

Multi-species – the mouth is host to 150-800 different species of bacteria at any one time
Collectively called _____ – this refers to the groups, or colonies of bacteria
Involves destruction of mineralized tooth surfaces (enamel & dentin)

A

biofilm

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5
Q

The 3 major players of the infectious disease process

A

Main Player- streptococcus mutans

Main Player- lactobacillus acidophilus
Actinomyces israelii

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6
Q

Plays a role in root caries

A

Actinomyces

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7
Q

What is plaque formation

A

Microbial biofilm adapted to its environment

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8
Q

Plaque involves 2 different types of adhesion to surfaces

Produces extracellular coatings & ___ ____ to help more bacteria adhere to biofilm

A
  1. Physiochemical
  2. Biochemical

surface fibrils

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9
Q

Plaque requires what kind of removal

A

mechanical

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10
Q

Plaque Biofilm as an Infectious Disease:

other Infectious diseases:

A
  • Heterogenous
  • Community “Whatever benefits the whole”
  • Higher Resistance
  • Fluctuations in cell structure

Other:

  • Homogeneous
  • Non-community (in it to win it, its all about me)
  • lowered resistance
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11
Q

• The _____ means that the group of bacteria has a higher resistance to the therapeutic agents that we use. Where as, in an infectious disease that has a single bacterium as the culprit means that the resistance to “attack” is much lower.

A

heterogeneity

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12
Q

There is communication between bacteria in the plaque community. This means that if one area is being “attacked” the other areas can ”__ ___” and fortify the area of attack. This makes bacterial plaque difficult to kill!

A

send help

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13
Q

Plaque Biofilm is

Naturally acquired from:

Composed of:

A
  • Food
  • Human Contact
  • Pets
  • Atmosphere

Composed of:
Salivary components
Microorganisms (organized into communities
Intracellular matrix

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14
Q

Cell-to-Cell Communication

A
  • Micro-climates
  • Resistance to exogenous antimicrobial agents
  • Mechanical oral hygiene practices are critical
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15
Q

Prior to Tooth Eruption:
____ pellicle
- Exists prior to tooth

A

Subsurface

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16
Q

Prior to Tooth Eruption:
____ pellicle
- Exists prior to tooth ___

Consists of:

Considered Endogenous

A

Subsurface
Eruption
Reduced enamel epithelium
Basal Lamina

Considered Endogenous

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17
Q

The tooth erupted. Now what?

A

The REE is digested by salivary and bacterial enzymes

Within seconds a thin microscopic coating of salivary components become absorbed onto the tooth surface

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18
Q

The tooth erupted. Now what?

A

The REE is digested by salivary and bacterial enzymes

Within seconds a thin microscopic coating of salivary components become ADSORbed onto the tooth surface

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19
Q

ADSORPTION
vs
Absorbtion

A

ADSORPTION is the adherence of one substance to a dissimilar substance

Absorption is one substance being taken up by another

20
Q

Acquired Pellicle

A

Acellular
Contains:
Salivary glycoproteins
Receptor sites
Fills MILLIONS of microscopic tooth voids
Provides nutrients
Takes about one week to fully reform after removal from prophylaxis procedure
Adds a protective quality for the teeth& fills in those small nooks and crannies

21
Q

Acquired Pellicle are Acellular meaning

A

no cells no bacteria.

22
Q

Plaque uses ___ pellicle to “stick to the teeth”

A

acquired

23
Q

The pellicle is made up of salivary glycoproteins which are responsible for

A

innate immunology of the oral cavity, they bind calcium phosphate ions to help remineralize teeth, provide a food source for both beneficial and harmful bacteria, and contain alpha amylase to help the process of polysaccharide breakdown. As you can see, it is a complex layer that coats each tooth.
To clarify, after the pellicle is removed by a professional prophylaxis, it begins to re-form within seconds. However, it is not fully formed and mature for a full week.

24
Q

Plaque Components

A

70-80% bacteria

20-30% polysacchrides and glycoproteins

25
Q

The polysaccharides help ensure a continuous food source in the event of “starvation” (when we don’t eat for a long period of time or when we eat foods that do not feed the bacteria)
In dental terms, the bacterial glycoproteins are ____ _____ located on the cell membrane that help other bacteria to adhere to the plaque biofilm. And they also help the cells to communicate with each other. It’s like a telephone cord to the other areas of the bioflilm!

A

carbohydrate chains

26
Q

Formation of Dental Plaque
Bacteria tend to accumulate on teeth in sheltered undisturbed environments.

But they also accumulate on:

A
  • Pits and Fissures
  • Interproximal surfaces
  • Gingival sulcus

Also

  • Lips
  • Cheek
  • Palate
  • Tongue
  • Restorative Overhangs

May find plaque in areas you wouldnt normally find due to dry mouth

27
Q

Explain the formation of plaque in detail after a prophylaxis

A

Dental pellicle forms within seconds of prophylaxis
In about 2 hours, bacteria loosely binds to pellicle (adsorption)
Bacteria multiples exponentially and spreads
Microcolonies form within the plaque matrix
Streptococci (multiple strains) secrete a protective slime layer
Maturation of the biofilm colonies
Microcolonies join to form larger, more complex, mutually beneficial groups (biofilm!)
Development of a primitive circulatory system

28
Q

Able to adhere to acquired pellicle
Generally NOT pathogenic (S. sanguis to S. mutans)
Normally aerobic or facultative anaerobic
Gram positive
Primarily made up of cocci & short rods
Provides substrate microclimate for…

A

Primary Colonizers

29
Q

Colonize on an EXISTING bacterial layer
Much more pathogenic (Lactobacillus)
Anaerobic (oxygen can only penetrate plaque to 0.1mm)
Usually gram negative (except for Lactobacillus)
Made up of rods, filamentous forms, spirochetes, etc.

A

Secondary Colonizers

30
Q

Colonization Competition: Bacteria compete for sites

Host responds to the presence of pathogenic bacteria with:

A
  • Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
  • Enzymatic lysozyme
  • Complement proteins

These host proteins originate from saliva and crevicular fluid

31
Q

Beneficial and pathogentic competing for sites. Explain the process and how it relates to perio?

A

We are talking and focusing a lot on the pathogenic bacteria. But there are a large number of beneficial bacteria that are also present. These beneficial and harmful bacteria compete for sites on the pellicle and in the plaque biofilm itself. The best case scenario is that the majority of the plaque biofilm is beneficial bacteria.
As the numbers of the pathogenic bacteria increase, the number of beneficial bacteria decreases. Thus, caries (and perio) risk goes up! And, most (if not all) of the beneficial bacteria are the cocci and short rod, gram positive, aerobic bacteria. The pathogenic bacteria tend to be anaerobic in some form (facultative or otherwise), rods, spirochetes, motile, etc.
Once the host detects the pathogenic bacteria, the body responds through a variety of “seek and destroy” measures to remove the pathogenic bacteria. The body produces immunoglobulins from WBC that serve to identify and mark a non-host cell for destruction, releases phagocytic cells that provide lysozyme to “dissolve” the bacterial cell walls, and initiates the inflammatory response through complement proteins. The role of inflammation is to bring more antibodies, more WBC, more immunoglobulins to the area until the offending pathogens have been removed.

32
Q

long columns of bacteria seen in the picture above.
formed through the competitive colonization that was mentioned earlier and results in the entombment of the bacteria nearest the enamel by the IPM.

A

Palisades

33
Q

Palisades form
through competitive colonization
_______ occurs by an intercellular plaque matrix, more superficial bacteria, and saliva itself

A

Entombment

34
Q

collection of dead bacterial cells, sloughed-off host cells from the oral cavity, blood cells, and food particles.

A

Materia alba

35
Q

2 different theories of plaque

A

Non-specific plaque theory

Specific plaque theory

36
Q
  • States that it is the number of all bacteria within plaque that has a positive, direct correlation with the caries rate
  • Groups all bacteria of the oral cavity together
  • Ignores the individual characteristics of each bacterium
A

Non-Specific Plaque Theory

37
Q
  • States that it is specific bacteria within plaque whose numbers influence the caries rate – not all bacteria
  • Considers individual genus and species of bacterium separately
  • Considers the defining characteristics of each bacterium
A

Specific Plaque Theory

38
Q

Consumes acidic wastes and turns them into less acidic waste products

xtra fact:
, in terms of caries, is considered to be a beneficial bacterium. It helps to regulate the metabolic waste products of bacterium such as S. mutans and by using it as a food source. Its own waste by-product is a less acidic material.

A

Veillonella

39
Q

Formerly known as S. sanguis
Keeps acid production low
Direct competitive colonizer
Has links to infective endocarditis

A

Streptococcus Sanguinis

40
Q

What are the 2 good bacteria

A

Veillonella

Streptococcus Sanguinis

41
Q

2 Bad bacteria

A

Streptococcus mutans

Actinomyces israelii

42
Q
  • Produces lactic acid from glucose
  • Highly acidogenic and therefore, acid-tolerant
  • Associated with advanced caries & carious dentin
A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

43
Q
  • Kicks beneficial bacteria off the teeth and takes their place
  • Disengages the gums
  • Causative agent in antibiotic resistance
A

Porphyromonas gingivalis

44
Q

2 Aciduric Bacteria

A

Strep mutans

  • First cariogenic bacteria that are laid down
  • High amounts of lactic acid as a result of metabolic wastes, which attracts…

Lactobacillus

  • Lowers the pH
  • Displaces Strep mutans
  • Continues tooth demineralization
45
Q

Plaque require what energy source

A

Fermentable carbohydrates

46
Q

Plaque: Aciduric microorganisms produce:

A

-Acid
-Intracellular polysaccharides (provide energy)
-Extracellular polysaccharides (provide an anchor point)
/Glucans (dextran)
/Fructans (levan)

47
Q

Plaque Exist Under Adverse Conditions

A 
pH
Temperature
Nutrition
Competing organisms
Host inflammatory response
Anaerobic conditions/oxygen competition

2020 Cariology (7 decks)

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