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Holocaust and Human Behavior > The Holocaust > Flashcards

The Holocaust Flashcards

1
Q

Hitler’s foreign policy goals

A
  1. Build a greater Germany
  2. Lebenstraum in east
  3. Rebuild the military
  4. Destroy the Versailles Treaty
  5. Destroy communism
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2
Q

Lebenstraum meaning

A

living space

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3
Q

Example of building a greater Germany

A

united all German speaking areas (Austria, Sudetenland)

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4
Q

Example of Lebenstraum

A

invaded Poland and Russia

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5
Q

Example of rebuilding the military

A

Luftwaffe Air Force and secret factories

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6
Q

Example of destroying the Versailles Treaty

A

annexed Austria

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7
Q

Example of destroying communism

A

Dachau for communists

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8
Q

Holocaust is a Greek word meaning…

A

sacrifice by fire

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9
Q

Different names and definitions of Holocaust

A

Historian Paul Bookbinder: complete destruction by burning.
Churchill called it crime without a name.
Now called genocide.

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10
Q

Genocide definition

A

acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. Term created by Raphael Lemkim, Polish Jew survivor

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11
Q

Poland in Holocaust

A

Acquired for ruthless use in the Nazi war effort as a war resource. Germany regarded Polish pop as a supply of laborers. Polish teachers, priests, or central figures were especially targeted for immediate persecution. Bulk of country’s food sent to German home front.

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12
Q

Ghettos

A

2 million Polish Jews came under Nazi control, so Sept 1939 ghettos became marked off sections of town that served as basis for utilizing labor.

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13
Q

Work in the ghettos

A

Men and women 14-60 and children 12-14 worked 10-12 hours a day in factories. Unproductive Jews were shot first. Trolley lines ran through ghettos.

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14
Q

Life in the ghettos

A

Enclosed by fence, barbed wire and guarded. Overcrowding, starvation, diseases. Young took secret classes and smuggled food. Jews had to stay inside during curfew.

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15
Q

Warsaw ghetto

A

Largest ghetto. 350,000 Jews. 35% of city population in 2.4% of city area. July 22 1942: Warsaw Jews deported to Treblinka killing center. Only 55,000 Jews remained by Sept.

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16
Q

There were how many Jews in the Lodz ghetto?

A

160,000

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17
Q

Chelmno

A

first stationary kill center, opened in Poland Dec 8, 1941

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18
Q

How were people killed at Chelmno?

A

SS dressed as doctors ordered Jews to bathe before going to Germany for labor. Prisoners, undressed, gave up valuables, and were led onto a struck of 50-70 people in the cellar. Doors were sealed and mechanic attached tube to exhaust. Bodies driven to forest and put in graves.

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19
Q

How many were killed at Chelmno?

A

152,000 killed including 70,000 Jews and 5,000 Roma

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20
Q

Soviet Union

A

Nazis invaded Soviet Union on June 22, 1941

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21
Q

Einsatzgruppen

A

task forces or mobile Nazi death squads for mass killings. Moved behind army and killed Jews in occupied Soviet territory. Went directly into homes and communities, targeting Jewish men first. At first mass shootings, then gas vans. Residents helped Nazis by serving as auxiliary police.

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22
Q

Babi Yar (and who did the killing?)

A

ravine in Kiev Ukraine. 34,000 Jews murdered in 2 days. Executioners were ordinary men following orders, heavy drinking to ease burden

23
Q

partisans

A

Jewish resistance fighters. By spring 1943, mobile squads had killed 1 million Jews and tens of thousands of partisans.

24
Q

List the killing centers

A

Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzer, Auschwitz-Birkenau, , Majdonek-Lublin

25
Q

killing centers vs. other camps.

A

Nazis called them extermination camps. Concentration and labor camps were not equipped with gassing facilities.

26
Q

selection

A

Guards ordered deportees to get out and form lines, men separated from women and children. Officers pointed to left and right, victims unaware of this meant to live or die. Told they were showering, undress and turn over valuables, gassed.

27
Q

Summer 1942

A

push to empty ghettos

28
Q

Auschwitz

A

Largest extermination camp that opened on May 20, 1940. Concentration, forced labor, and extermination sections. Located near Krakow, Poland. More than 1 million people lost their lives. Sign over entrance read “work makes one free”

29
Q

sonderkommando

A

Jews who moved bodies from gas chambers to incinerators

30
Q

dehumanization and life in Auschwitz

A

Victims spared from death to work had identities taken: shaved heads, registration numbers tattooed on left forearms. Primitive barracks: no windows or insulation. Escape impossible: guards in watch towers, electrically charged barbed wire.

31
Q

Josef Mengele

A

cruel medical experiments were conducted at Auschwitz by SS physician Dr. Josef Mengele. Carried out experimental treatments on dwarfs, twins, and younger children.

32
Q

How were prisoners ID?

A

Jews were not the only group persecuted. Prisoners wore color coded triangles on jackets so guards could easily identify background. Letters indicated nationality, P=Poland and SU=Soviet Union

33
Q

red

A

political prisoners, communists and socialists

34
Q

green

A

common criminals

35
Q

black

A

Roma gypsies and Germans considered asocial (unproductive)

36
Q

purple

A

Jehovah’s witnesses

37
Q

Euthanasia

A

1939: Hitler authorized the killing of those deemed unfit. Hospital staff started by neglecting patients. Consultants sent patients to gassing stations as part of the “Euthanasia Program” or T-4 Program, which required cooperation of many doctors. Doomed patients transferred to gas chambers or children were injected with overdose or starved.

38
Q

About how many handicapped people were murdered between 1940-1945?

A

200,000

39
Q

Wannsee Conference

A

Jan 20, 1942: 15 Nazi Party and German government leaders met in Berlin at the Wannsee Conference. Reinhard Heydrich, head deputy of Himmler’s SS, held the meeting to discuss the “final solution to the Jewish question in Europe.” Conference was where final solution was revealed to non Nazi leaders that would help arrange for Jews to be deported.

40
Q

Final Solution

A

Nazi code name for the destruction or genocide of all European Jews

41
Q

Death marches

A

At the end of WWII as the Nazi army collapsed, Germans frantically removed prisoners to labor camps inside Germany. Prisoners taken on trains and then by foot by death marches: long distances with no food, water, or rest. Those who couldn’t keep up were shot. Some driven into water and shot. Longest marches in winters of 1944-1945 as Soviets liberated Poland. Prisoners reach a destination and are put on freight trains and shipped to camps in Germany.

42
Q

death march from Auschwitz

A

Jan 18 1945: death marches from Auschwitz began with 60,000 forced to march and over 15,000 died.

43
Q

Six stages

A 
Defintion
Isolation
Emigration
Ghettoization
Deportation
Mass Murder
44
Q

Definition examples

A

race science, Nuremburg laws, propaganda,

45
Q

Isolation examples

A

Nuremburg Laws, civil service law, Hitler youth, explosion from schools

46
Q

emigration examples

A

1/3 of German Jews left when Hitler came to power. Couldn’t leave after Kristallnacht. Evian Conference met about refugees but only DR opened. $1500 visa when they could only leave with $10. Voyage of St. Louis = difficult.

47
Q

ghettoization examples

A

Warsaw ghetto. Overcrowding, starvation. Children smugglers and secret classes. Guards, barbed wire, curfews. Forced labor. Judenrat.

48
Q

Deportation examples

A

death marches, overcrowded cattle cars, deals with railroad companies to move Jews from ghettos in trains, summer 1942 push to empty ghettos.

49
Q

Mass murder examples

A

death camps, Auschwitz, gas chambers, death marches, euthanasia, Einsatzgruppen

50
Q

Reserve Police Battalion 1

A

Major Trapp gave soldiers the option to opt out of killing the Jews.

51
Q

uprising in Warsaw ghetto

A

ZOB Jewish fighting organization. fought back against deportations, SS destroyed Jewish residences, Jews hid from patrols and escaped at night.

52
Q

The White Rose

A

anti Nazi campaign led by students and professor, distributed pamphlets

53
Q

milk can

A

diaries, posters, documents, papers placed in milk cans and metal boxes and buries to preserve history

54
Q

Bielski partisans

A

Recruited Jews to protect lives in the forest but also fight back

Holocaust and Human Behavior (6 decks)

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