Conformity, Obedience, and Escalating Violence Flashcards
1
Q
Who is a Jew?
A
- person with 2 Jewish parents
- person with 3 Jewish grandparents
- person with 1 practicing Jewish parent
- mischling
2
Q
What is a mischling?
A
child of one German and one Jewish parent
3
Q
What was the Hitler oath? Who had to take it?
A
- one of his first steps as Fuhrer
- new oath of obedience for German soldiers and government workers
4
Q
Obedience
A
- compliance with an order, request, law
- submission to authority
- essential to all of German culture
5
Q
Milgram experiment
A
- Yale prof Stanley Milgram study of “effect of punishment on learning”
- one volunteer was teacher, shocked learner with increasing voltage when answer was wrong
- Hypothesis: most volunteers would not exceed 150 volts, psychologists predicted that <1% would administer all 450.
- 65% gave full 450 volts
6
Q
Third Wave
A
- lesson for sophomores from teacher Ron Jones
- simulation of conformity and obedience
- involved salute, membership cards, snitching, recruiting, shouting motto
7
Q
Nazi propaganda
A
- info (esp. of biased nature) used to promote a political cause or POV
8
Q
Critical audience of Nazi propaganda
A
Nazi youth:
- mandatory to teach race science and physical education
- boys took military, science classes while girls took cooking and child-rearing
9
Q
Civil Service Law: actual name
A
Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service
10
Q
Civil Service Law: terms
A
- made it illegal for communists, Jews, and others deemed unfit to work in civil service
- ex: doctors, teachers, police, judges, state employees
11
Q
1935 Nuremburg Laws
A
Goal: isolate Jews as noncitizen
- Defined what it meant to be German (German blood = full political rights)
- Jews not citizens, so can’t vote or hold office
- no marriage or intercourse between Jews and Germans
- No employment of German girls younger than 45 in Jewish homes
12
Q
Reaction to Nuremberg laws
A
Most Germans enthusiastic or at least willing to conform
13
Q
Summer Olympics 1936
A
- Berlin showcased Aryan athletic superiority
- Aryans-only athletic associations, separate Jewish associations
- Jewish athletes from various countries sat out in protest
- part-Jewish fencer Helene Mayer competed and won silver for Germany
- top medalist: Jesse Owens
14
Q
Why weren’t other countries alarmed by what they saw at Olympics?
A
- antisemitic posters removed
- newspaper rhetoric toned down
- spectators and reporters saw false image of tolerant Germany
15
Q
Movement to boycott Olympics
A
- arose in US, Britain, France, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands
- alternative option was The People’s Olympiad in Barcelona but it was canceled.
16
Q
Gypsies
A
- ethnic group from South Asia considered “alien blood”
- arrested and put in camps outside Berlin for Olympics
17
Q
In addition to Jews and Gypsies, Nazis also targeted…
A
communists, Africans, homosexuals, Jehovahs witnesses
18
Q
Jews in education
A
- Oct 1936: Jewish teachers banned
- April 1936: Jewish children banned
19
Q
Hitler Youth
A
- Dec 1936: entire German youth organized in Hitler Youth
- educated mentally, physically, and morally in the spirit of Nazism to serve the nation and racial community
20
Q
National Hitler Youth leader, reported to Fuhrer
A
Baldur von Schirach
21
Q
Jewish names
A
- Aug 17 1938
- Jews bearing first names of non-Jewish origin are required to adopt additional name
- Sara and Israel
22
Q
Jewish passports
A
- Oct 5, 1938
- Jews must surrender old passports, passports only valid when letter J is stamped on them
23
Q
Austria’s past relations with Germany
A
- Hitler had always seen Austria as part of Germany
- a union between Austria and Germany was forbidden by Versailles Treaty
- 1933-1935 Italy protected Austria from Germany, but by 1936, Italy and Germany formed friendship
24
Q
Austria
A
- Feb 1938: Hitler gave Austrian Chancellor Schusnigg a list of 10 demands
- Schussnig said Austrians would vote on joining Germany, but Hitler said Chancellor must resign or he would bomb Vienna, so cabinet resigned
- March 5 Hitler entered Vienna in triumph, annexed Austria, Austrian Jews lost rights, no countries protested
- Austrians generally happy
25
Evian Conference
- international conference of 32 countries to address refugee problem
- Roosevelt sent businessman Myron C. Taylor
- delegates expressed sympathy but would not let more refugees in because of global economic depression.
- Prejudice also played a part.
- Only Dominican Republic accepted refugees
26
Czechoslovakia
- Sept 1938: Hitler desired Sudetenland
- Czech worried about a loss of resources (coal) and that it would inspire other groups to seek independence
- Hitler met with British PM Neville Chamberlain, demanded Sudetenland and ordered other parts with Poles and Magyars to be returned to Poland and Hungary
- Britain and France rejected terms
- Munich Conference with Britain, France, Italy, and Germany: gave Germany Sudetenland to appease
- Hitler invaded Oct 1, Polish and Hungarian troops then took parts of Czech
27
What is Sudetenland?
Part of Czechoslovakia, 3 million German speakers, eager to be under German control
28
Kristallnacht: spark
- Nazis expelled Polish Jews living in Germany. Many trapped in refugee camps near German-Polish border
- 17 y/o Herschel Grysnzpan's parents were trapped
- He shot and killed a Nazi official in Paris embassy
29
Kristallnacht: date and other name
Nov 9 1938
| Night of Long Knives
30
Kristallnacht: events
- Nazis set fire to 191 synagogues, killed over 90 Jews, sent 30,000 to concentration camps
- Two days later, Jewish community fined for 1 billion marks for property damage
- Point of crisis for Jews, start of goat-sanctioned violence against Jews
- Emigration became difficult, national leaders didn't expand immigration quotas
31
Kristallnacht: German reactions
- Most Germans: denial, indifference, or enthusiasm
- Some Germans: protested by resigning from Nazi party
- others wrote anonymous letters to foreign embassies or quietly brought Jewish families food and other necessities
- Nazis saw that Germans accepted and other countries didn't intervene
32
What should you remember most?
Plus five on the quiz!
33
The Voyage of the St. Louis
- 937 Jews with visas boarded S.S. St. Louis to Cuba
- Cuba refused them entry when they arrived, asked for more money
- Ship attempted to reach US but forced out of US territorial waters by Coast Guard
- Returned to Europe. Britain, Holland, France and Belgium made last minute decisions to take in refugees.
34
Propaganda: old homeless man illustration
Movie poster for "The Eternal Jew." Jews banished from homeland, eternally homeless, now parasites in Europe. Image: greedy, communists, dirty, criminals
35
Propaganda: Nazi solider
Movie poster for "The Stormtrooper Brand." Young truck driver and friends join SA to stop communist takeover. Image: strong, brave heroes
36
Propaganda: toys
Board games pieces for "Juden Ras" or "Jews Get Out." Goal is to move six Jews out of the Third Reich and send back to Palestine. Very popular but Nazis didn't like because they wanted to exterminate, not let go. Image: Jews try to blend in but must be found and removed
37
Propaganda: Hitler
WWII war poster saying "Long Live Germany!" Image: Hitler is a god.
38
Propaganda: bug
Cartoon in weekly newspaper "The Attacker" or "Der Sturmer" by Julius Streicher. Image: Jews are parasites.
