The History of Life Flashcards

1
Q

4.6 BYA

A

Sun and Planets Form

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2
Q

4.6 - 3.9 BYA

A

Meteoritic bombardment and volcanic activity create reducing atmosphere

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3
Q

by 3.9 BYA

A

reducing atmosphere(high in hydrogen content, no free oxygen, thick with water vapor)

  • H2O, CO2, CO, CH4, NH3, H, etc
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4
Q

3.9 BYA onwards

A

first cells appear

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5
Q

Steps from Inorganic to Cells

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules.
  2. Single molecules(monomers) join with other molecules to produce polymers.
  3. Self replication.
  4. Polymers and monomers packed into a cell-like structure.
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6
Q
  1. Abiotic synthesis of simple organic molecules(monomers)
A

PROBLEM: Early scientists assumed that organic molecules are formed only by organic life.

SOLUTION: inorganic chemistry found to create organic compounds.

  1. Miller/Urey Experiments
    • recreated early earth atmosphere in lab
    • formed Amino Acids withing a few weeks.
  2. Hydrothermal Vents
    • localized reducing environments still possible today
      - made possible life on earth without sunlight
      o chemosynthesis uses Methane and Sulfur to create glucose
  3. Extraterrestrial origins
    - A nebula is an accumulation of gas and dust in space
    o 10-15% is organic molecules so it actually is potential
    - Meteorites actually contain amino acids
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7
Q
  1. Monomers to Polymers
A

PROBLEM: Complex polymers are generally created via organic enzymatic processes

SOLUTION: Clay minerals facilitate polymer formation

  • Lattice structure
  • Can behave like an enzyme under specific conditions
  • Protects against UV(breaks down organic molecules)
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8
Q
  1. Self-replicating hereditary material
A

PROBLEM: DNA needs enzymes to replicate

SOLUTION: RNA- the original unit of heredity

  1. Self replicates
    - Acts as own enzyme during replication
    - Genetic material AND an enzyme
  2. Self splices
  3. Catalyzes
  4. Possess a phenotype and genotype
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9
Q
  1. Protobiont
A

aggregate of abiotically produced organic
molecules suorrounded by membrane-like structure
- Can abiotically create a membrane with organic molecules in it

PROBLEM: Cell membranes associated w/ organic molecules derived from other organic cells

SOLUTTION: Several “cell-like” structures form abiotically that can self-replicate and metabolizes.

  1. Coacervates
    - Can self replicate and metabolize
    - Not technically alive but are organic
  2. Liposomes
    - Lipid bi-layer vesicles formed abiotically.
    - Clay is vital in these processes
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10
Q

Protobiosphere

A
  1. Multiple protobiont lineages may have independently evolved
  2. Competition among lineages
  3. Lineages evolve
    - Xna->rna->dna
  4. Only one lineage remains today.
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11
Q

First cells appear

A

3.9 - 3.5 BYA

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12
Q

First cells were chemoautotrophs

A

chemoautotrophs rely on chemosynthesis to produce glucose from chemicals, such as

 a. Sulfur (found at hydrothermal vents)
 b. Methane (found at cold seeps)
  • Still exists today
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13
Q

The first photoautotrophs

A

Stromatolites (3.5 BYA) - rock like structures comprised of layering photosynthetic bacteria and sediment over time
a. oldest known fossils that formed ~3.5 billion years ago

Very rare now
o Some still off the coast of Australia

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14
Q

The Oxygen Revolution

A

Stromatolites create an oxygen rich atmosphere(byproduct of photosynthesis)

  1. Oxygen toxic to most existing prokaryotes
    - Fundamental change to the chemistry of life on earth
    - The “oxygen revolution”
  2. Aerobic metabolism spreads
    a. aerobic metabolism produces ~19 times > ATP than anaerobic
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15
Q

From Prokaryote(without organelles) to Eukaryote(membrane bound organelles)

A

Creates a new ecological niche of heterotrophs

The Endosymbiotic model (Lynn Margulis)

 - Prokaryotic cell engulfs another prokaryotic cell but they live symbiotically with each other creating Eukaryotes
 - Mitochondria is an example of this
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16
Q

The three domains of life

A

established by 2.1 BYA

  1. Bacteria(prokaryote)
  2. Archaea(prokaryote)
  3. Eucarya(Eukaryote)
  • Have a common ancestor but branched since then
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17
Q

From single cell to multicellular Eukaryote

A
  1. Evolves multiple times
    • Independently in plants, fungi, and animals
  2. Oldest multicellular lineage ~ 1.5 BY old
  3. Allows for the evolution of cellular specialization (i.e. tissues)
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18
Q

Geologic Time

A

3 main eons

  1. Archaean 4.5 BYA – 2.5BYA
  2. Proterozoic 2.5 BYA – 540 MYA
  3. Phanerozoic 540 MYA - present
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19
Q

Archaean Eon

A

4.5 BYA - 2.5 BYA

  • 4.5 - 3.9 BYA – First cells
  • 3.9-3.5 BYA – First prokaryotes
  • 3.5 BYA – First fossil evidence of phototrophic autotrophs
  • 2.7 BYA – Oxygen Revolution
20
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A

2.5 BYA - 540 BYA

  • 2 BYA – Eukaryotes
  • 1.5 BYA – Multicellularity first evolves
  • ~700 MYA – first animals
21
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A

540 MYA - Present

Paleozoic Era(Explosion of Animal Diversity) 550 MYA - 251 MYA
- Cambrian Explosion
Periods:
Cambrian(oldest)->Ordovician->Silurian->Devonian->Carboniferous->Permian(youngest)

Mesozoic Era (age of dinosaurs) 250 MYA - 65.5 MYA
Periods:
Triassic(oldest)->Jurassic->Cretaceous(youngest)

Cenozoic Era (age of mammals) 65.6 MYA - Present
– last major extinction 65MYA
Periods:
Paleogene(oldest)->Neogene->Quaternary(youngest)

22
Q

Plate Tectonics - dynamic earth

A

Pangea (Paleozoic) 251 MYA

Gondwana (Mesozoic) 135MYA

Laurasia (Mesozoic) 135MYA

Cenozoic(present earth) 65.6 MYA

Plates associated with geological activity

23
Q

Mass Extinctions

A

Five major mass extinctions at beginning of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras (other minor mass extinctions occurred)

Probable cause of Cenozoic extinction – meteorite impacting Yucatan Peninsula

  • 65 MYA
  • Changed atmospheric conditions and brought mammals to the forefront

5 major mass extinctions

most recent 65 MYA

24
Q

Coacervates

A
  • Can self replicate and metabolize

- Not technically alive but are organic

25
Liposomes
- Lipid bi-layer vesicles formed abiotically. | - Clay is vital in these processes
26
Miller/Urey Experiments
- recreated early earth atmosphere in lab | - formed Amino Acids withing a few weeks.
27
Hydrothermal Vents
- localized reducing environments still possible today - made possible life on earth without sunlight o chemosynthesis uses Methane and Sulfur to create glucose
28
Extraterrestrial origins
- A nebula is an accumulation of gas and dust in space o 10-15% is organic molecules so it actually is potential - Meteorites actually contain amino acids
29
Evidence for the endosymbiotic model:
1. Organelle Biochemistry homologous to prokaryotes - has everything for a prokaryote 2. Organelles replicate via binary fission (like prokaryotes) - Like prokaryotes 3. Organelles possess their own DNA - ****most important****
30
Paleozoic Era(Phanerozoic Eon)
542 MYA - 251 MYA Periods: Cambrian(oldest)->Ordovician->Silurian->Devonian->Carboniferous->Permian(youngest)
31
Mesozoic Era(Phanerozoic Eon)
251MYA - 65.5MYA Periods: Triassic(oldest)->Jurassic->Cretaceous(youngest)
32
Cenozoic Era(Phanerozoic Eon)
65.5 MYA - Present Periods: Paleogene(oldest)->Neogene->Quaternary(youngest)
33
(Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era) Cambrian Period(1st period) Explosion of animal diversity
1st period Explosion of animal diversity - complex life - oxygen revolution = more ATP = more complexity able - diversifying selection (new predator X prey) - Hox genes – tells the body what genes to turn off/on and what
34
(Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era) Ordovician Period(2nd period) Explosion of animal diversity
colonization of land by small plants and arthropods - plants got to land first followed by arthropods - plants = mosses(very tiny not trees or forest)
35
(Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era) Silurian Period(3rd period) Explosion of animal diversity
Evolution of vascular plants (e.g. forests)
36
(Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era) Devonian Period(4th period) Explosion of animal diversity
colonization of land by tetrapods (i.e. vertebrates) & insects Appear - first vertebrates evolve into something(check it)
37
(Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era) Carboniferous Period(5th Period) Explosion of animal diversity
reptiles & seed plants appear. Vascular plants form vast forests - mass extinction happens - converts almost everything into fossil fuels - trees to coal - animals to oils
38
(Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era) Permian Period(6th Period) Explosion of animal diversity
diversification of reptiles and insects
39
(Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era) Triassic Period(1st period) age of dinosaurs
gymnosperms, dinosaurs & mammal-like reptiles
40
(Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era) Jurassic Period(2nd period) age of dinosaurs
Dinosaurs diversify
41
(Phanerozoic Eon, Mesozoic Era) Cretaceous Period(3rd period) age of dinosaurs
Flowing plants appear & dinosaurs go extinct | - last major mass extinction no more dinosaurs(65MYA)
42
(Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era) Paleogene Period(1st period) age of mammals
last major extinction 65MYA mammals birds and pollinating insects diversify
43
(Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era) Neogene Period (2nd period) age of mammals
meh
44
(Phanerozoic Eon, Cenozoic Era) Quaternary Period (3rd period) age of mammals
Genus Homo appears; last ice age - period in which we evolve - we are about 200,000 years old
45
Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
Reducing atmosphere facilitates organic molecule formation Miller/Urey experiments confirmed Amino Acids could be formed