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Biology 2 - Test 1 > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A
  1. 2 of 3 domains (archaea and bacteria)
  2. Unifying traits
    • no membrane / organelles
    • no mitosis / meiosis (asexual w/ binary fission)
    • often flagellated
    • unicellular
  3. 3 basic morphologies (spherical, rod, spiral)
  4. Archaea versus Bacteria (see table 27.2)
    • peptidoglycan wall (bacteria only)
    • RNA polymerase (bacteria has only one type)
    • introns (archaea only)
    • Histones (archaea only)
    • pathogenicity (bacteria only)
    • antibiotic susceptibility (bacteria only)
    • extreme environments (archaea only)

Archaea may be extremophiles
- extreme temperature/pH/salinity

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2
Q

Structure

A
  • DNA usually single circular chromosome found in nucleoid
  • Plasmid – circular DNA molecule separate from chromosome (genome)
  • Flagellum – provides locomotion
  • Capsule – provide protection from: viruses, phagocytes, desiccation, etc
  • cell wall – provides protection, structure and support; made of peptidoglycan
  • Peptidoglycan – polymer composed of cross-linked sugars. Forms basic unit of the cell wall in bacteria
  • Fimbriae – attachment filaments
  • Lipolysaccharides – outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. Provides structural integrity and protection from chemical attacks. (NOTE: gram positive lack this layer).
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3
Q

Bacteria Cell Walls

A
  • Cell wall made of peptidoglycan(structure and osmotic protection)
  • Peptidoglycan formation disrupted by some antibiotics
  • Gram Stain process – identifies presence of lipopolysaccharides(gram -)
  • Lipopolysaccharide – provides integrity and protection.
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4
Q

Bacteria Flagella

A
  • Move in relation to stimulus(e.g. chemotaxis)

- Flagella structural different from archaea and eukaryotes

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5
Q

Reproduction

A
  • genome small(1/1000th of eukaryotes)
    • DNA in ring
    • cellular reproduction via Binary fission(no meiosis or mitosis)

A. Binary Fission (no mitosis or meiosis)

B. Genetic recombination

1. Transformation – uptake of “naked”(foreign) DNA
2. Transduction – Horizontal gene transfer btw bacteria via phage virus
3. Conjugation – one way transfer of genes (plasmid or chromosome); F factor needed for pilus formation
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6
Q

Metabolism

A

A. Nutritional modes (Autotrophs [photo or chemo] and heterotrophs [photohetero and chemohetero])

B. Oxygen metabolism

1. Can be either facultative or obligate oxygen users
	a. obligate users are either aerobic or anaerobic
      - aerobic metabolism provides 19 times more ATP than anaerobic

C. Nitrogen metabolism

 1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is essential to life, but eukaryotes unable to metabolize
 2. Some prokaryotes can “fix” atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
- Nitrogen fixation: conversion of N2 to NH3
- PROBLEM: Oxygen inhibits nitrogen fixation
- SOLUTION: Photosynthetic bacteria evolved heterocytes, which is a specialized cell that forgos photosynthesis in exchange for nitrogen fixation.
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7
Q

Prokaryotes and the Ecosystem

A
  1. Recyclers -decomposers, N2 fixation
  2. Symbiosis – living in close association w/ other organisms (e.g. mutualism +/+, commensalism +/0, and parasitism+/-)
    • 500 – 1000 species in your intestines
  3. Pathogenesis (exotoxins and endotoxins)
    • Pathogen – parasite that causes disease; all prokaryotic pathogens are bacteria; most illness caused by toxins
    • Exotoxins – secreted metabolic byproduct causes:
      • cholera, botulism, anthrax
    • Endotoxins – component of cell cause:
      • lipopolysaccharides, anthrax, capsule
  4. Bioremediation – removal of pollutants using prokaryotes
    • Oil spills, sewage treatment, composting, contaminated ground water
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8
Q

Antibiotic Misuse and bacterial resistance

A

Misuse leads to resistant pathogenic bacteria

Uses:

 - Animal feed
 - Cleaning products
 - Over prescription
 - Unnecessary prescription

CDC states antibiotic resistance one of the worlds largest health problems

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9
Q

Archaea versus Bacteria (see table 27.2)

A

Bacteria

  • peptidoglycan wall (bacteria only)
  • RNA polymerase (bacteria has only one type)
  • pathogenicity (bacteria only)
  • antibiotic susceptibility (bacteria only)

Archaea

  • extreme environments (archaea only)
  • introns (archaea only)
  • Histones (archaea only)
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10
Q

Structure:

Plasmid

A

circular DNA molecule separate from chromosome (genome)

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11
Q

Structure:

Flagellum

A

provides locomotion

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12
Q

Structure:

Capsule

A

provide protection from: viruses, phagocytes, desiccation, etc

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13
Q

Structure:

cell wall

A

provides protection, structure and support; made of peptidoglycan

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14
Q

Structure:

Peptidoglycan

A

polymer composed of cross-linked sugars. Forms basic unit of the cell wall in bacteria

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15
Q

Structure:

Fimbriae

A

attachment filaments

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16
Q

Structure:

Lipolysaccharides

A

outer membrane of gram negative bacteria. Provides structural integrity and protection from chemical attacks. (NOTE: gram positive lack this layer).

17
Q

Gram Stain process

A

identifies presence of lipopolysaccharides(gram -)

18
Q

Genetic recombination(reproduction):

Transformation

A

uptake of “naked”(foreign) DNA

19
Q

Genetic recombination(reproduction):

Transduction

A

Horizontal gene transfer btw bacteria via phage virus

20
Q

Genetic recombination(reproduction):

Conjugation

A

one way transfer of genes (plasmid or chromosome); F factor needed for pilus formation

21
Q

Endospore

A

allows bacterium to survive harsh conditions

22
Q

Oxygen metabolism

A

Nutritional modes (Autotrophs [photo or chemo] and heterotrophs [photohetero and chemohetero])

Can be either facultative or obligate oxygen users
- obligate users are either aerobic or anaerobic

aerobic metabolism provides 19 times more ATP than anaerobic

23
Q

Nitrogen metabolism

A

Nutritional modes (Autotrophs [photo or chemo] and heterotrophs [photohetero and chemohetero])

  1. Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is essential to life, but eukaryotes unable to metabolize
  2. Some prokaryotes can “fix” atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
    • Nitrogen fixation: conversion of N2 to NH3

PROBLEM: Oxygen inhibits nitrogen fixation

SOLUTION: Photosynthetic bacteria evolved heterocytes, which is a specialized cell that forgos photosynthesis in exchange for nitrogen fixation.

24
Q

Prokaryotes and the Ecosystem:

Recyclers

A

decomposers, N2 fixation

25
Q

Prokaryotes and the Ecosystem:

Symbiosis

A

living in close association w/ other organisms (e.g. mutualism +/+, commensalism +/0, and parasitism+/-)
- 500 – 1000 species in your intestines

26
Q

Prokaryotes and the Ecosystem:

Pathogenesis (exotoxins and endotoxins)

A
  • Pathogen – parasite that causes disease; all prokaryotic pathogens are bacteria; most illness caused by toxins
  • Exotoxins – secreted metabolic byproduct causes:
    - cholera, botulism, anthrax
  • Endotoxins – component of cell cause:
    - lipopolysaccharides, anthrax, capsule
27
Q

Prokaryotes and the Ecosystem:

Bioremediation

A

removal of pollutants using prokaryotes

- Oil spills, sewage treatment, composting, contaminated ground water

28
Q

Pathogen

A

parasite that causes disease; all prokaryotic pathogens are bacteria; most illness caused by toxins

29
Q

Exotoxins

A

secreted metabolic byproduct causes:

- cholera, botulism, anthrax

30
Q

Endotoxins

A

component of cell cause:

- lipopolysaccharides, anthrax, capsule

Biology 2 - Test 1 (7 decks)

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