The Heart and Major Blood Vessels Flashcards
1
Q
arteries
A
high-pressure conduits that deliver blood to the tissues of the body
2
Q
viens
A
low-pressure reservoirs that drain blood from your body’s organs
3
Q
where is the heart located
A
within the mediastinum: the central division of the thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities
4
Q
what other structures are located within the mediastinum
A
thymus, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, and great vessels of the heart,
5
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
what covers the heart,
6
Q
flow of blood for systemic circut
A
- blood leaves the heart at the aorta
- travels through the arteries
- arrives at the systemic capillaries (where nutrients, wastes, and gases are exchanged)
- blood then collected by veins that empty into the vena cavae before reaching heart
7
Q
pulmonary circut
A
much smaller – blood only going to far as to the lungs and back
8
Q
flow of blood for pulmonary circut
A
- blood leaves the heart at the pulmonary trunk
- travels through the pulmonary arteries and arrives at pulmonary capillaries (gases are exchanged between blood and air)
- from the pulmonary capillaries, blood is collected by pulmonary veins that empty into the heart
9
Q
what structures are part of the systemic circuit
A
10
Q
what structures are part of the pulmonary circuit
A
11
Q
how many chambers does the heart contain
A
4 chambers: 2 smaller chambers called atria and 2 larger chambers called ventricles
12
Q
what is each atrium composed of
A
a main cavity and a small appendage called auricle
13
Q
where to the right atrium and its auricle receive blood from
A
2 of the body’s largest veins: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava
– a much smaller vein, the coronary sinus also sends blood to the right atrium
(veins carry blood from most of the body, except from the lungs)
14
Q
4 pulmonary veins
A
carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium and its auricle
15
Q
right and left ventricles
A
make up most of heart’s mass
16
Q
right ventricle
A
pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, the arterial vessel that delivers blood to the lungs
17
Q
left ventricle
A
pumps blood to all of the body’s remaining structures through the aorta
18
Q
what part of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circut
A
left ventricle
19
Q
what is the name of the small part of systemic circuit which delivers oxygen to the heart wall itself
A
coronary circulation
20
Q
right and left coronary arteries
A
branch at the base of the aorta and deliver oxygen to the cells of the heart
21
Q
blood is returned through what structures
A
cardiac veins
22
Q
cardiac veins collapse to form what
A
coronary sinus
23
Q
endocardiuam
A
- innermost layer that lines the atria and ventricles
- in contact with blood
24
Q
myocardium
A
- middle layer that is very thick and contains cardiac muscle and connective tissue
- because of the thickness, oxygen from within chambers can’t simply diffuse through the entire thickness of heart’s wall
25
epicardium
- outermost layer of the heart
- this layer typically holds some fat, and it is within this later that the coronary arteries and cardiac veins travel
26
pericardial cavity
- surrounds the heart, forming a thin layer
- this fluid later helps ensure that the heart beats within a relatively friction-free environment
27
visceral and parietal pericardia
- form the pericardial cavity's inner and outer boundaries
28
visceral pericardium
- same membrane as the epicardium (both names are frequently used, reflecting its dual role as both the outermost layer of the heart and the inner membrane of the pericardial cavity
29
fibrous pericardium
- external to pericardium
- outermost structure
- touch layer limits the heart's expansion during filling up and helps form the outer border of the pericardial cavity
30
atrioventricular valves
found between atria and ventricles
- ensure that the backflow of blood into the atria does not occur through these large valves
31
chordate tendineae
- small cords that anchor the cusps to the ventricle walls
32
papillary muscles
- small finger-like projections that hold the chordae tendineae in place
33
what does contraction of the papillary muscles do
- does not open valves, instead they prevent the prolapse of the valve into the atrium
34
tricuspid valve
- atrioventricular valve on the right slide
- named for three cusps or "leaflets" that come together during contraction of the ventricles
35
mitral valve
- also called "bicuspid valve"
- atrioventricular valve on the left side
- named for its likeness to a bishop's Mitre (hat)
36
semilunar valves
- located on the other sided ventricles
- insure that high pressure blood from the arterial system does not flow back into the ventricles as they relex
- these valves have 3 leaflets, but do not have any associated chordae tendineae or papillary muscles
37
aortic valve
the semilunar valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
38
pulmonary valve
the semilunar valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
39
where can muscular ridges be seen, and what are they called
on the internal wall of the atria
- pectinate (pectin = comb) muscles
40
trabeculae carneae
= meat beams
- muscle ridges in the ventricles
- much larger
41
interventricular septum
thick wall separating the 3 ventricles
42
interatrial septum
much thinner wall that separates the 2 atria
43
fossa ovalis
- small depression within the interatrial septum
- landmark shoes the former location of foramen ovale
44
foramen ovale
- a hole in the heart wall that allows blood to move from right atrium to left atrium
- opening closes at the time of birth, separating the pulmonary and systematic circulations
45
after sending very tiny vessels to the coronary circulation, what are the aorta's 3 main branches in order?
1 - brachiocephalic artery
2 - left common cartoid artery
3 - left subclavian artery
46
the left sublavian vein and internal jugular vein join to form what
left brachiocephalic vein
47
on the right side, both brachiocephalic veins merge to form what
superior vena cava
48
where do the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries arise from
the brachiocephalic artery
49
after the left subclavian artery splits from aorta, what continues to carry oxygenated blood to lower parts of the body
thoracic aorta
50
thoracic aorta becomes what
abdominal aorta
51
what happens to the abdominal aorta as it enters the pelvis
a large bifurcation (split) occurs --> common iliac arteries
52
common iliac arteries split into
internal iliac artery and external iliac artery on each side of body
53
internal vessels serve what
the pelvis and associated muscles
54
external iliac artery continues to leg as
femoral artery
55
femoral veins become
external iliac veins
56
external iliac veins join
internal iliac veins to form the common iliac veins
57
what forms the interior vena cava and what does it do
- common iliac vein
- delivers blood to the heart
58
where does the head blood supply come from
primarily the common carotid arteries
59
internal carotid artery
- penetrates the cranial base and branches to serve the brain and meninges
- joined in function by vertebral artery
60
vertebral artery
brach of subclavian artery that passes through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae on its way to the cranial cavity
61
external carotoid artery
- supplies the rest of the head, including the face, scalp, oral cavity, and pharynx
62
external jugular vein
responsible for draining the structures outside of cranial cavity
63
internal jugular vein
drains blood from cranial cavity
- joins the subclavian vein
64
what 2 veins join the brachiocephalic vein
subclavian and internal jugular veins
65
pulmonary trunk
- arteries from the right ventricle and branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries
66
what do the pulmonary arteries reach
the area for gas exchange, the microscopic alveoli
67
four pulmonary veins
- collect oxygenated blood and return it to the left atrium, ready to be distributed to the systemic circulation
68
celiac trunk
anterior projecting artery that serves the stomach, liver, and spleen
69
superior mesenteric artery
anterior projecting artery that serves the small intestine and first part of the large intestine
70
inferior mesenteric artery
anterior projecting artery that serves the last part of the large intestine
71
renal arteries
paired, laterally directed vessels that provide blood to the kidneys
72
gonadal (testicular or ovarian) arteries
paired arteries supply the gonads
73
where do the gonads begin life
much higher in the abdominal cavity
- location of these arteries reflects that embryonic origin and the path taken to their adult location
74
what does the venous drainage of the abdomen partly mirror
the arterial supply --> similarities in paired vessels
75
paired renal veins and gonadal veins drain
to the interior to the vena cava
( left gonadal vein does so indirectly)
76
portal sysem
pattern that the veins of the abdominal digestive organs follow
- rather than the blood from these organs draining the digestive capillaries to the inferior vena cava, the blood collects into the hepatic portal vein
77
where does the blood travel to after traveling to the hepatic portal vein
hepatic sinusoids
78
hepatic sinusoids
large capillaries of the liver where substances can be removed or added to the blood
79
hepatic veins
- recieve blood from the sinusoids and empty into the inferior vena cava
80
how many capillary beds does the portal system entail
2 --> most circularly paths involve just a single capillary bed between the artery and vein
