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HS 101 > The Heart and Blood Circulation > Flashcards

The Heart and Blood Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Apex

A
  • the blunt bottom of the heart
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2
Q

Myocardium

A
  • the muscle of the heart
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3
Q

Endocardium

A
  • the lining of the chambers of the heart
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4
Q

Endocarditis

A
  • inflammation of the endocardium
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5
Q

Pericardium

A
  • the double-layered, lubricated “sack” that encases the heart
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6
Q

Artia

A
  • A low pressure, thin-walled, low-volume heart chamber that receives blood
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7
Q

Ventricle

A
  • A high pressure, thick-walled, high-volume heart chamber that “pushes” blood into circulation
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8
Q

Lub-Dub // Heart Murmur

A
  • The sound of a normal heart

- Abnormal heart sounds.

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9
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  • The largest of the vessels that pump blood away from the heart are called arteries
  • The largest of the vessels that pump blood toward the heart are called veins
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10
Q

Arteries - (Aorta + Arterioles)

A
  • If the blood is flowing away from the heart, it is doing so through arteries, and we know that the heart pumps deO2 blood towards the lungs - through arteries
  • The Aorta is the largest artery
  • Arterioles are the smallest arteries
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11
Q

Veins - (Vena Cava + Venules)

A
  • If the blood is flowing toward the heart, it is doing so through veins, and we know that O2 blood flows to the heart from the lungs - through veins
  • Superior/Inferior Vena Cava are the largest veins
  • Venules are the smallest veins
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12
Q

Capillaries + Capillary Beds

A
  • do the work of exchanging gas and nutrients
  • Cap Beds: where nutrients are provided to cells, and gases are exchanged. O2 and nutrients enter the capillaries from arterioles, and CO2 is carried away from capillaries via venules.
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13
Q

Order of Blood Movement via the Heart + Lungs

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery (arterioles)
  • lungs
  • capillaries
  • pulmonary vein (venules)
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • aorta
  • to body
  • superior/inferior vena cava
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14
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • provides flow to the entire “system” of the body
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15
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • blood from right atrium and ventricle
  • to pulmonary artery
  • to lungs
  • to pulmonary veins
  • to left atrium
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16
Q

Coronary Circulation

A
  • is how the heart gets blood itself
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17
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A
  • “heart attack”,

- Insufficient coronary blood supply that leads to death of myocardium

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18
Q

Embolism

A
  • is blockage due to the build-up of fats and other substances in arterial walls
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19
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • “hardening of arteries
  • Blockage of arteries due to a build-up of fats on vessel walls
  • thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
20
Q

Ischemia // Gangrene

A
  • decreased blood flow, which itself can result in tissue death (necrosis)
  • gangrene = Large sections of tissues that are necrotic
21
Q

Cardiac Dysrhythmia

 - bradycardia
 - tachycardia
A
  • abnormality in heart rhythm
    • b = slow heart rhythm - fewer than 60 bpm
    • fast heart rhythm - more than 100 bpm
22
Q

Heart Failure

A
  • the inability of the heart to provide an adequate blood supply to the body, which impairs function and can cause death
23
Q

Left Heart Failure = Congestive Heart Failure

A
  • most common
  • an inability of the left ventricle to pump effectively.
  • this affects systemic circulation and leads to a buildup of fluids in the body
24
Q

Right Heart Failure

A
  • due to blood “backing up” in pulmonary circulation because of an inability to move it into the left atrium
  • often a consequence of left heart failure
25
Q

Aneurysms

A
  • weakening and widening of arteries
  • Because blood pressure drops and the flow of blood slows, the risk of clot formation increases.
  • at risk for rupture
26
Q

Thrombus

A
  • an abnormal blood clot
27
Q

Embolism

A
  • an arterial blockage
28
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

A
  • an embolism or the rupture of an aneurysm can result in the brain
29
Q

Varicose Veins or Varice

A
  • the pooling of blood in superficial veins

- common in people who stand for long periods of time

30
Q

Haemorrhoids

A
  • a special type of varicose veins, found in the rectum or anus
  • common during pregnancy
31
Q

Phlebitis

A
  • inflammation of veins

- are more likely to form blood clots that arteries because they have a lower pressure

32
Q

Thrombophlebitis // Pulmonary Embolism

A
  • Phlebitis caused by a thrombus

- PE = clot that ends up in your lungs

33
Q

Hypertension

A
  • high bp

- can lead to heart failure and stroke

34
Q

Hypotension

A
  • low bp

- might happen if you’re bleeding out

35
Q

Blood Volume

A
  • The greater the volume of blood, the more blood there is for the heart to “push,” (which influences bp)
36
Q

Strength of Heart Contractions

A
  • The ability of the left ventricle to provide a sufficient push (which influences bp)
37
Q

Heart Rate

A
  • A heart that’s beating faster can increase bp
38
Q

Blood Viscosity

A
  • Thick blood results in higher bp

- iv saline solution thins blood

39
Q

Resistance to Blood Flow

A
  • Blood vessel walls have smooth muscle, which facilitates the dilation and contraction of those vessels
40
Q

Circulatory Shock

A
  • When circulatory system fails to provide adequate blood flow to oxygenate cells and tissues
41
Q

Hypovolemic Shock

A
  • Low blood volume, as you know, results in low blood pressure
  • due to haemorrhaging and leads to inadequate blood volume
42
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A
  • failure of the heart to deliver an adequate blood flow

- stems from heart failure and MI

43
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A
  • Failure of the circulatory system to deliver adequate oxygen to tissues, resulting from dilation of blood vessels due to an imbalance in autonomic stimulation.
  • due to brain/spinal injuries or acute stress
44
Q

Anaphylactic Shock

A
  • Failure of the circulatory system to deliver adequate oxygen to tissues, due to an allergic reaction.
45
Q

Septic Shock

A
  • Failure of the circulatory system to deliver adequate oxygen to tissues, due to relaxation of blood vessel walls resulting from infection by bacteria, viruses, or fungi
46
Q

Layers of Heart Lining (4)

A

outside = pericardium
- epicardium
- myocardium
inside - endocardium

HS 101 (8 decks)

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