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HS 101 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones (3)

A
  • are chemicals secreted into the bloodstream
  • slow but signals are long lasting
  • bond to the receptors on target cells
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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the spaces between cells, and from those spaces these chemical messengers diffuse into the bloodstream
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3
Q

Exocrine glands

Ex. (4)

A
  • have ducts and they excrete the substances that they produce
  • ex salivary glands, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands
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4
Q

Hypersecretion

A
  • the secretion of too much of one or more hormones
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5
Q

Hyposecretion

A
  • the secretion of too little of one or more hormones

- Ex. Diabetes Mellitus

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6
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Is located within the brain, composed of endocrine and nervous tissue
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7
Q

Adernohypophysis is composed of ______ tissue

A
  • endocrine tissue
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8
Q

Neurohypophysis

A
  • portion composed of nervous tissue
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9
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • makes the adrenal cortex increase in size and excrete more cortisol.
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10
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • stimulates ovulation in females, stimulates testosterone production in the testes of males
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11
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • stimulates the production of thyroid hormones
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12
Q

Growth hormone (GH) (hyper/hypo)

A
  • stimulates the development of tissue proteins and the breakdown of fats
  • Hypersecretion during development can cause the condition gigantism which involves the growth to a “gigantic” size
  • Hyposecretion can lead to dwarfism, which involves the growth to a smaller-than-normal size
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13
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • promotes the development of ova in females and production of sperm in males
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14
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A
  • stimulates breast development and milk secretion

- Hyposecretion of ADH can cause diabetes insipidus, which involves an acutely-elevated production of urine

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15
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A
  • plays a role in social bonding, milk letdown, and labour
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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (AHD) and Oxytocin (OT), are produced, and are released by the pituitary gland
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17
Q

Thyroid Gland (location and Hormones)

A
  • located between the larynx and trachea

- produces 2 thyroid hormones; (Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine) and a third hormone called Calcitonin (CT)

18
Q

Function of Thyroid Hormones (3)

A
  • influence cellular metabolism; by speeding up the release of energy from nutrients
  • for normal day-to-day function
  • growth and development
19
Q

Hyperthyroidism / Graves Disease

A
  • too much energy released which results in being restless, nervous, irritable and weight loss
  • an inherited autoimmune condition involving hyperthyroidism; It can result in bulging eyes
20
Q

Hypothyroidism / Goiter

A
  • inadequate availability of thyroid hormones
  • an enlargement of the thyroid gland, as it attempts to increase its ability to secrete hormones.
    • It’s due to an iodine deficiency
21
Q

Cretinism

A
  • a developmental condition affecting mental and sexual development due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones early in life
22
Q

Myxedeme

A
  • decreased physical and mental capacity, weight gain, skin and hair changes - occur later in life
23
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • prevents the build-up of calcium in the blood

- prevents hypercalcemia - an excess of calcium in the blood

24
Q 
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
A
  • excrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

- PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting the breakdown of bone tissue

25
Q

Adrenal Glands (location + structure)

A
  • Sits atop the kidneys

- it’s divided into 2 discrete endocrine glands; the Adrenal Cortex and the Adrenal Medulla

26
Q

Adrenal Cortex secretes what 3 hormones?

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • sex hormones
27
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A
  • the main mineralocorticoid is called aldosterone

- influences the sodium-potassium balance by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

28
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • The main glucocorticoid is cortisol
29
Q

Sex Hormones

A
  • secretes male hormones called androgens which is similar to testosterone
  • In females, androgens influence the sex drive
30
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • produces epinephrine (as a drug, it’s called adrenalin and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
  • they’re produced as part of our fight/flight response (increase blood pressure and glucose levels)
31
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
  • are tiny glands (small clusters of cells) scattered about the pancreas
  • produce Alpha and Beta cells
  • Glucagon and insulin both play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels, but have opposite (that is, antagonistic) effects
32
Q

Alpha Cells

A
  • produce the hormone Glucagon

- Glucagon converts Glycogen, a substance stored in the liver, into glucose. This increases blood glucose levels

33
Q

Beta Cells

A
  • produce the hormone insulin

- Insulin moves blood glucose into cells, promoting its metabolism

34
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • pancreatic islets hyposecrete insulin so less blood glucose moves into the cells
  • due to insufficient production of insulin
35
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • there is adequate insulin, but the receptors upon which the hormone acts are impaired
  • due to target cell insensitivity to insulin.
36
Q

Pineal Gland “Third Eye” / Melatonin

A
  • its activity responds to sensory information related to cycles of light and dark
  • Produces melatonin, for the importance of the regulation of sleep, influences menstruation and onset of puberty
37
Q

Hyper/Hypo Melatonin

A
  • Hyper = can make you feel groggy and cause difficulty waking up in the morning (seasonal affective disorder)
  • Hypo = can be the root cause of some cases of insomnia
38
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • against the creation of urine, so it plays an important role in fluid balance
39
Q

Cortisol

A
  • influences blood glucose, blood pressure levels, and it has anti-inflammatory effect
40
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • affects the sodium-potassium balance
41
Q

Insulin

A
  • reduces blood glucose levels by moving glucose into cells
42
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  • due to a build-up of calcium in the blood

HS 101 (8 decks)

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