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23- The heart and electrical outputs > The heart > Flashcards

The heart Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the pulmonary circuit

A

Pulmonary artery, arterioles, capillaries, pulmonary veins

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2
Q

What makes up the systemic circuit

A

Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries , venules, systemic veins

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3
Q

What happens in left sided heart failure

A

pulmonary venous failure, pulmonary venous pressure increases

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4
Q

What type of blood does the right heart pump and to where

A

Blood without oxygen to the lungs

Low pressure is needed

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5
Q

What type of blood does the left heart pump and to where

A

Oxygenated blood to the organs

High pressure is needed

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6
Q

Which ventricle needs to generate a higher level of pressure

A

The left

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7
Q

Where is the systemic circuit does gaseous exchange take place

A

Capillaries

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8
Q

Why do the kidneys get around 1/5 of the total cardiac output at rest

A

Important to maintain homeostasis within the body

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9
Q

What are some landmarks for the heart with regards to other body structures

A
  • Ventral border of the lungs
  • Laterally the lungs themselves
  • Cranially :thymus
  • Caudally: diaphragm
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10
Q

How does the right ventricle sit when compared to the left ventricle

A

cranially

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11
Q

What is the coronary groove

A

Crown around the heart that seperates the atria from the ventricles

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12
Q

What are the base and the apex of the heart

A 
Base= dorsal part formed by atria 
Apex= ventral part that sits on the sternum
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13
Q

Where does the aorta come out of the heart

A

middle of the base

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14
Q

What happens to the heart when the right side gets bigger

A

It moves cranially

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15
Q

What happens to the heart when the left side gets bigger

A

Moves dorsally

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16
Q

What is the pericardium

A

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

17
Q

What is the role of the pericardium

A

prevents distension

18
Q

What major vessel supplies the right atrium

A

The vena cava

19
Q

What is the intervenous tubercle

A

A small projection on posterior wall of the right atrium. Said to direct blood to the atrioventricular opening

20
Q

Which node is present at the junction of the right atrium and cranial vena cava

A

Sino-atrial node

21
Q

What is the sinoatrial node

A

Structure that initiates electrical impulses to stimulate contraction of the heart

22
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart

23
Q

Where is the left atrium located

A

Top left above the left ventricle, under the tracheal bifurcation

24
Q

Which veins enter the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

25
Q

Where is the right ventricle located

A

under right atrium, wraps around. Left ventricle cranially and to the right

26
Q

Where is the pulmonary artery located

A

Comes out of right ventricle, it is cranial and left of the aorta

27
Q

Where is the left ventricle located

A

behind the right ventricle and to the left
forms the lateral margin of the heart
occupies all of apex

28
Q

Where is the aorta located

A

curves upward from the left ventricle to level of sternal angle arches backward to the left and then downward

29
Q

What is the right atrial valve also known as

A

Tricuspid valve (despite having 2 cusps in most species)

30
Q

What is the left atrial valve also known as

A

Mitral valve

31
Q

What are chordae tendinae

A

Filaments connecting the tips of the AV valves to the papillary muscles in the ventricles- prevents backflow of blood into the atrias

32
Q

What are the cardiac valves

A

right and left semilunar valves regulating blood flow from ventricles into pulmonary artery and aorta

33
Q

Which vessels do the right and left semilunar valves respectively regulate

A

Right- pulmonic

Left- aortic

34
Q

What is the myocardium

A

heart muscle

35
Q

What is epicardium

A

thin membrane that covers the heart

36
Q

What is the endocardium

A

Inner layer of the heart, continuous with blood vessel lining

37
Q

Describe cardiomyocytes

A

Large cylindircal cells that are atriated like skeletal muscle. They have short, branched fibres and a large number of mitochondria

38
Q

What are intercalated discs

A

connecting junctions between cardiac cells

39
Q

How does cardiac muscle regeneration compare to skeletal muscle

A

Not as effective

23- The heart and electrical outputs (9 decks)

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