The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

介紹cardiac muscle ?

A

 僅有百分之一的心肌細胞其功能並非收縮,而是組成心臟傳導系統(conducting system)的網路。
 某些心肌細胞可分泌atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP),可調節鈉離子在細胞外液的濃度。
 Blood supply:coronary arteries 開口於主動脈瓣膜尖瓣後方最近處的主動脈上,之後進一步形成分支網絡small arteries→arterioles→capillaries→venules→veins→coronary sinus→right atrium。

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2
Q

Describe sequence of excitation?

A

 Sinoatrial (SA) node 位於靠近上腔靜脈的右心房位置,此處細胞產生動作電位,經myocardium傳遞整個左右心房使心房收縮。
 接著會使位於右心房基部的atrioventricular (AV) node去極化,在此過程會延遲0.1秒,可使心室收縮前的心房能完整收縮。
 AV node的動作電位會經bundle of His(hiss)再沿著心室間膈往下傳遞(bundle of his 為心室和心房之間唯一導電的連結束,而其他區皆為不導電的結締組織層)。
 於心室間隔處bundle of His分成左右兩分支(bundle branches),其延伸至心尖,再由此處分散入細胞壁並轉與Purkinje fibers相接。
 Purkinje fibers 與心房細胞相接,將動作電位傳遞整個心房。

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3
Q

動作電位的產生主因為?

A

動作電位的產生主因Na+通道開啟,同時K+通透性下降,共同使膜去極化

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4
Q

雖然鈉離子通道與骨骼肌和神經一樣,通透性只有短暫的增加,但不同的是,Na+通透性下降不會伴隨膜電位再極化。其保持去極化呈現plateau(0mV),主因為:

A

(1. ) K+通道大多仍保持關閉(通透性低)。

2. ) Ca2+通透性上升。膜去極化會使L-type Ca2+通道開啟(開啟速度較Na+通道緩慢),使 Ca2+流入細胞(L-type Ca2+通道類似骨骼肌的DHP受體為Voltage sensors

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5
Q

再極化發生主因為?

A

 L-type Ca2+通道緩慢關閉。

 當膜電位下降至負值,K+通道開啟。

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6
Q

什麼是pacemaker potential (PP)?

A

SA node cell沒有穩定的靜止膜電位,為漸進式的去極化作用,又稱pacemaker potential (PP),膜電位達閾值產生AP

(1. ) 起初K+通透性持續下降,於動作電位產生後,K+通道開啟使膜電位再極化,當膜電位回到負值又漸漸關閉。
(2. ) F-type Na+ channels:僅膜電位為負值時才會開啟。
(3. ) T-type Ca2+ channels:最後使 PP 進一步去極化的通道。
(4. ) AP 的去極化作用主要來自L-type Ca2+通道,但去極化速度遠比Voltage-gated Na+通道慢,所以造成node cells 傳遞動作電位的速度遠比其他心肌細胞慢。
(5. ) 最後鉀離子通道開啟,使膜電位再極化。

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7
Q

什麼並非直接測量各別心肌細胞的膜電位變化,而是測量因許多心肌細胞自發性改變而造成細胞外液產生的電流改變?

A

The Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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8
Q

Explain P wave,QRS complex, T wave

A

 P wave:心房去極化導致。
 QRS complex:心室去極化導致,會有0.15秒的延遲。 (QS 有可能會看不到)
 T wave:心室再極化導致。

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9
Q

鈣離子藉由什麼 回肌漿內質網和細胞外液?

A

Ca2+-ATPase pumps & Na+/Ca2+ countertransporters

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10
Q

什麼決定心肌的收縮強度?

A

細胞質內Ca2+的濃度增加量決定心肌的收縮強度。(休息狀態的心臟,一次動作電位所釋出的鈣離子不足以飽和所有的troponin sites)

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11
Q

為什麼心臟無法產生tetanic contractions(此期間不會再對刺激有所反應) ?

A

心臟因具有很長的absolute refractory period 所以無法產生tetanic contractions(此期間不會再對刺激有所反應)
 骨骼肌的absolute refractory period 比起收縮時間(20-100msec)來說很短只有1-2msec,所以第一次收縮完成之前第二次收縮已開始,造成summation of contractions)
 心肌的動作電位有去極化的高原期,所以absolute refractory period相當於收縮長度(250msec),所以不會出現summation的現象

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12
Q

求pulmonary circulation pressures & systemic circulation pressures?

A

pulmonary circulation pressures:  為低壓力的系統:systolic pressure(25mmHg), diastolic pressure(10mmHg),遠比系統動脈(systemic arterial pressure)小(120&80mmHg)。乃因右心室壁較左邊薄。但兩心室的stroke volumes相同。

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13
Q

右心室和左心室的stroke volume 相同嗎?

A

Yes, even the pressures are different

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14
Q

Explain heart sounds?

A

 the first sound: soft low-pitched “LUB” , 因 AV valves 關閉。指出 systole 開始的時間。
 the second sound: louder “DUP”, 因 pulmonary & aortic valves 關閉。指出 diastole 開始的時間。

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15
Q

What’s heart murmurs?

A

For example, a murmur heard throughout systole suggests a stenotic pulmonary or aortic valve, an insufficient AV valve, or a hole in the interventricular septum. In contrast, a murmur heard during diastole suggests a stenotic AV valve or an insufficient pulmonary or aortic valve.

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