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A&P Unit 1 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

pump, which is made of two pumps into one, pushes blood through two distinct circuits

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

blood is pushed from the heart to the lungs, and then back to the heart

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3
Q

Systemic circuit

A

blood is pushed from the heart out to the various body systems and tissues, and then back to the heart

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4
Q

How much blood does the human heart pump?

A

7200 liters of blood a day/1800 gallons

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5
Q

Heart location

A

thoracic cavity, in the pericardial cavity, covered by a membrane known as the pericardium

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6
Q

Base (top)

A

the part in which the great vessels arise

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7
Q

Apex (bottom)

A

the pointed tip to the inferior end of the heart

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers

A

branching, intercalated discs, striations, one nucleus per cell; auto-rhythmic - capable of contracting on their own

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9
Q

Structures of the heart

A

four chambers, great vessels, four valves

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10
Q

Heart chambers

A

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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11
Q

Ventricles

A

located towards the apex (bottom) part of the heart, thick walled, left ventricle has the thickest chamber wall

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12
Q

Great Vessels

A

aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary vein

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13
Q

Artery

A

A vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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14
Q

Vein

A

A vessel that carries blood towards the heart

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15
Q

Aorta

A

carries blood away from the left ventricle, goes to various body and organ tissues

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16
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

carries blood away from the right ventricle, going to the lungs

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17
Q

Superior vena cava

A

carries blood toward the right atrium, coming back from the upper body

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18
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

carries blood toward the right atrium, coming back from the lower body

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19
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

carry blood toward the left atrium, coming from the lungs, come from both right and left sides

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20
Q

The four valves

A

designed to prevent backflow of blood

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)

A

located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, prevents backflow into the right atrium, three large cusps

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22
Q

Bicupsid valve (left atrioventricular valve)

A

located between the left atrium and left ventricle, prevents backflow into the left atrium, two large cusps

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23
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

located at the base of the pulmonary trunk, it prevents backflow into the right ventricle

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24
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

located at the base of the aorta, prevents backflow into the left ventricle

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25
Q

Route of blood flow through the heart

A

deoxygenated blood from the tissues begins to return toward the heart in larger veins, reaches the superior vena cava or inferior vena cava, enters the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, enters the right ventricle, through the pulmonary semilunar valve, through the pulmonary trunk, through pulmonary arteries to the right and left lung, is oxygenated, through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve and enters the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve into the aortic arch, to aorta, to smaller arteries, and back to the tissues

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26
Q

The heart cycle

A

each beat felt is one heart cycle; both atria must contract at the same time followed by the ventricles both contracting; one heart cycle = atria contract, ventricles contract, rest

27
Q

Conduction system of the heart

A

cardiac muscle cells that coordinate the entire heart cycle

28
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

the heart’s pacemaker

29
Q

Cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped per minute; stroke volume x heart rate

30
Q

Stroke volume

A

the volume of blood pumped per beat

31
Q

Heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute

32
Q

Intrinsic regulation

A

a mechanism that is contained within the heart itself

33
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

this regulatory mechanism is dependent on input from outside the heart, input from the nervous and endocrine systems

34
Q

Nervous system

A

two sets of nerve fibers that innervate the SA node

35
Q

Sympathetic

A

these nerve endings release a neurotransmitter that stimulates the SA node to reach threshold more easily, resulting in more frequent firing, which increases the heart rate

36
Q

Parasympathetic

A

these nerve endings release a neurotransmitter that stimulates the SA node to reach threshold less easily, resulting in less frequent firing, which decreases the heart rate

37
Q

Endocrine System

A

many hormones affect the heart rate. epinephrine has a powerful stimulatory action on the SA node, causing the heart rate to increase dramatically.

38
Q

Tunica intima

A

the most important feature of this layer is the innermost lining of the blood vessel; has an endothelium along the inner wall; endothelium is simple squamous epithelium

39
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart; have thicker walls than veins; have more smooth muscle in their walls; stronger and more elastic; operate under higher pressure; small lumen and diameter than veins

40
Q

Elastic arteries

A

the largest of the arteries; have very elastic walls and are especially good at expanding and recoiling when surges of blood hit them; example is aorta

41
Q

Muscular arteries

A

medium-sized arteries; very thick tunica media; especially good at regulating blood flow, which changes the size of the lumen that blood flows through; example is radial artery

42
Q

Veins

A

carry blood toward the heart; simple valves scattered throughout their length

43
Q

Muscular action

A

when skeletal muscles contract, they squeeze against the veins, forcing blood to move; valves prevent backflow and the blood will move in the correct direction

44
Q

Capillaries

A

very thin-walled; two different categories: continuous and fenestrated

45
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

cells that form the walls are very tightly joined together; substances must diffuse or be transported through the cell membrane; they are less permeable than fenestrated capillaries; they are the most common type found in the body

46
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

the cells have pores between them; substances can move more freely throughout the pores, larger substances will be able to move through the capillary wall; they are more permeable than continuous capillaries; they are less common, usually found in specialized situations

47
Q

Aging of the arteries

A

deposits being to form on the walls of the arteries; walls become less elastic, thicker, and tougher; the flow of blood becomes more restricted; blood pressure must be higher to over the increased resistance, creating hypertension; the work load of the heart is greater, which is detrimental

48
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

49
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the accumulation of plaque deposits

50
Q

Vessel wall friction

A

the number one source of resistance

51
Q

Blood viscosity

A

how thick the blood is

52
Q

Local control

A

this mechanism will regulate how much blood flows to one small, local, specific capillary bed; automatic mechanism, no outside neural or hormonal control

53
Q

Regional control

A

involves adjusting the amount of blood flow to a particular organ of the body or an organ system; regulated by both the nervous and endocrine system

54
Q

Neural control

A

autonomic; two branches that stimulate the smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall

55
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A

increases blood blow to the systems that are important for activity; examples include nervous, respiratory, and muscular systems

56
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation

A

increases blood flow to the systems that use periods of physical inactivity to operate at full capacity; examples include the digestive and urinary system

57
Q

Endocrine control

A

a particular hormone may stimulate some blood vessels to dilate and others to constrict; example is epinephrine

58
Q

Sympathetic innervation

A

stimulates the SA node to beat faster

59
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation

A

stimulates the SA node to beat slower

60
Q

Epinephrine

A

stimulates the SA node to beat faster

61
Q

Stroke

A

sudden decrease in blood supply to an area of the brain

62
Q

Embolism stoke

A

floating blood clot; travels in arteries and gets stuck as the vessels narrow which can completely cut off blood flow to an area of the brain

63
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

occurs when a blood vessel ruptures; can happen from trauma or a weakening of the vessel wall (aneurysm)

A&P Unit 1 (6 decks)

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