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A&P Unit 1 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

a state of equilibrium that is maintained within the body

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2
Q

What needs to be maintained?

A

Body temp, blood glucose levels, blood volume, pH, oxygen levels in the tissues, calcium, sodium, and potassium levels in the tissues

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3
Q

Negative Feedback

A

resists any deviation from an ideal value

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4
Q

Example of negative feedback

A

When your house temperature drops, the thermostat turns on the furnace in order to try and warm the house back up to the ideal temperature

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5
Q

How does the body react to a drop in body temperature?

A

Nervous system senses temperature drop, regulation centers are triggered in the brain, skeletal muscles begin to shiver, smooth muscle constricts blood flow to outer surfaces of the body, body temperature increases

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6
Q

?How does the body react to a rise in body temperature

A

Nervous system senses temperature rise, regulation centers are triggered in the brain, sweat glands are stimulated to produce and release sweat, smooth muscle relaxes in the peripheral blood vessels which dilates the blood vessels near the outer surfaces of the body, body temperature decreases

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7
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

In positive feedback systems, the effector of a process bolsters the stimulus, which increases the production of the product. One common example of a positive feedback system in living things is blood clotting. When skin is cut and a blood vessel experiences damage, platelets in the blood stream collect at the site of the cut and begin releasing several different chemicals (the product / effector of the process) that signal more platelet recruitment; more platelets trigger more chemical release, which trigger more platelets, which trigger more chemical signals, and so on, until the platelets and various associated proteins have plugged up the cut with a clot.

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8
Q

Atom

A

the smallest stable unit of matter

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9
Q

Element

A

all the atoms with the same atomic number

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10
Q

Molecule

A

a chemical structure containing two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds

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11
Q

Name the subatomic particles of an atom and describe how they are organized.

A

The three main subatomic particles that form an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons. The center of the atom is called the nucleus. Protons (+) and neutrons (no charge) are centrally located and electrons (-) are located closer to the outside.

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12
Q

Name and describe the three types of chemical bonds.

A

There are three main types of bonds: ionic, covalent and metallic.

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13
Q

Ionic Bond

A

These bonds occur when electrons are transferred from one atom two another, and are a result of the attraction between the resulting oppositely charged ions.

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14
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Covalent bonds occur because of the electrostatic attraction between atoms and their shared pairs of electrons.

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15
Q

Metallic Bond

A

Metallic bonds occur between the ionized atoms of metals and the sea of electrons around them.

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16
Q

Describe the different types of chemical reactions.

A
  • Combustion - when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide. These reactions are exothermic, meaning they produce heat.
  • Synthesis - when two or more simple compounds combine to form a more complicated one.
  • Decomposition - the opposite of a synthesis reaction - a complex molecule breaks down to make simpler ones.
  • Single Displacement - when one element trades places with another element in a compound
  • Double Displacement - when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds.
  • Acid-Base - a special kind of double displacement reaction that takes place when an acid and base react with each other.
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17
Q

Describe the pH scale and its relation to an acidic solution and a basic solution.

A

The pH scale is used to rank solutions in terms of acidity or basicity (alkalinity). Since the scale is based on pH values, it is logarithmic, meaning that a change of 1 pH unit corresponds to a ten-fold change in H+^+​+​​start superscript, plus, end superscript ion concentration. The pH scale is often said to range from 0 to 14, and most solutions do fall within this range, although it’s possible to get a pH below 0 or above 14. Anything below 7.0 is acidic, and anything above 7.0 is alkaline, or basic.

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18
Q

Explain what a buffer is and why buffers are important

A

A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable.

19
Q

Name and describe the four basic types of organic molecules.

A

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

20
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

The nucleic acids are DNA and RNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, respectively. They make the proteins that are present in almost every structure and perform almost every function in your body.

21
Q

Proteins

A

Proteins are probably the most versatile of all the organic molecules, making up many structures and executing various functions within organisms. Building blocks called amino acids make up proteins. About 20 different amino acids combine to form all of the various types of proteins on Earth.

22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates comprise the largest number of organic molecules in organisms. Basically, carbohydrates are sugars; their origin can be traced to photosynthesis, the process by which organisms such as plants use sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into food.

23
Q

Lipids

A

Lipids, perhaps better known as fats, come in different forms in your body and contain the most energy of all the organic compounds. When your body burns lipids for fuel, you get more energy than if you burned the other organic molecules.

24
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane contains a lipid bilayer contain phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It provides isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, and controls entry and exit of materials.

25
Q

Describe the structure and function of the nucleus

A

Spherical; controls metabolisms; storage and processing of genetic information, and control of protein synthesis.

26
Q

For each of the following organelles, describe the basic structure and main function:

A

-Ribosomes: RNA and proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to rough ER, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm; protein synthesis
-Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Has ribosomes bound to membranes; modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins
-Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Lacks attached ribosomes; lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
-Golgi apparatus: Stacks of flattened membranes containing chambers; storage, alteration, and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
Secretory vesicles:
-Lysosomes: Vesicles containing digestive enzymes; intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
-Mitochondria: Double membrane, with inner membrane folds enclosing important metabolic enzymes; produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell
-Cytoskeleton: It provides an internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility.
-Cilia: Membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array; movement of materials over cell surface
-Flagella:
-Microvilli: small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials.

27
Q

Define diffusion and describe how substances move through cell membranes by diffusion

A

Molecules in any given space become evenly distributed; solutes of higher concentration moves to lower concentration

28
Q

Describe osmosis and explain how osmosis can make cells swell or shrink

A

The net diffusion of water across a membrane; water flows across a membrane toward the solution that has the higher concentration of solutes.

29
Q

Describe endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Endocytosis is the movement of relatively large volumes of extracellular material into the cytoplasm via the formation of a membranous vesicle at the cell surface; includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Exocytosis is the ejection of cytoplasmic materials by the fusion of a membranous vesicle with the plasma membrane.

30
Q

Outline the steps of mitosis.

A
  1. Prophase: The first and longest stage of mitosis. In this stage the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
  2. Metaphase: The second stage of mitosis. In this stage the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell and become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere.
  3. Anaphase: The third stage of mitosis. In this stage the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled apart.
  4. Telophase: The fourth and last stage of mitosis. During this stage the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct rod-like shapes. Two new nuclear membranes then form around each of the two regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear.
31
Q

Identify the 4 major types of tissues in the body and their general roles.

A

Epithelial tissue: protection, absorption, secretion
Connective tissue: holding body structures in place, providing support, transporting fluids, storing energy
Muscle tissue: connect and create tension
Nervous tissue: conduction of electrical impulses

32
Q

What are their unique structural characteristics?

A

Epithelial tissue: essentially no matrix, cells are relatively tightly joined together; can readily divide, can replace themselves fairly frequently; avascular; thin layers of tissues
Connective tissue: has a matrix (non-living substance between the living cells of the tissue, consisting of protein fibers, fluid, and potentially other materials), very well vascularized, can readily divide and replace themselves, involved in tissue repair and form scar tissues
Muscle tissue: long and slender cells, referred to as muscle fibers; no significant matrix, very well vascularized, do not readily divide or replace themselves
Nervous tissue: cells have long extensions that carry nerve impulses, no significant matrix, very well vascularized, do not readily divide or replace themselves.

33
Q

What are their unique structural characteristics?

A

Epithelial tissue: essentially no matrix, cells are relatively tightly joined together; can readily divide, can replace themselves fairly frequently; avascular; thin layers of tissues
Connective tissue: has a matrix (non-living substance between the living cells of the tissue, consisting of protein fibers, fluid, and potentially other materials), very well vascularized, can readily divide and replace themselves, involved in tissue repair and form scar tissues
Muscle tissue: long and slender cells, referred to as muscle fibers; no significant matrix, very well vascularized, do not readily divide or replace themselves
Nervous tissue: cells have long extensions that carry nerve impulses, no significant matrix, very well vascularized, do not readily divide or replace themselves.

34
Q

What are the primary endocrine gland names and locations? **ADD MORE

A

The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain.

35
Q

What is a hormone and how does it work

A

A hormone is a chemical messenger that is transported in the blood and produces an effect on target tissues.

36
Q

What are the three basic chemical classifications of hormones?

A

Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives.

37
Q

How does a hormone have an effect on a target cell, either by binding to the membrane, or going inside the cell?

A

Target cells have the appropriate receptors for particular hormones. Target cells are the only cells that will respond to the hormones going throughout the body. Hormones bind to the cell membrane and pass through the membrane and go inside the cell.

38
Q

How is endocrine activity controlled?

A

The endocrine system needs to have very elaborate and precise controls to ensure that the hormone levels are regulated correctly. Negative feedback is the primary mechanisms for controlling hormone levels.

39
Q

What are the major endocrine glands, the hormones they produce, and the function of those hormones?

A
  1. Pituitary Gland
    a. Antidiuretic Hormone – regulates water balance
    b. Oxytocin – reproductive hormone (contractions, milk ejection)
    c. Human Growth Hormone – stimulate the growth of body tissues
    d. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone – regulates the production of thyroid hormones
    e. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – regulates the production of adrenal cortex hormones
    f. Follicle-stimulating Hormone – regulates the reproductive function
    g. Luteinizing Hormone – regulates the reproductive functions
    h. Prolactin – stimulates the production of milk
    i. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone – stimulates melanocytes
40
Q

What are the major endocrine glands, the hormones they produce, and the function of those hormones?

A
  1. Thyroid Gland
    a. Thyroid Hormones – regulate metabolism
    b. Calcitonin – decreases calcium levels in the blood and tissue fluids
41
Q

What are the major endocrine glands, the hormones they produce, and the function of those hormones?

A
  1. Parathyroid Gland

a. Parathyroid Hormone – raises calcium levels in the blood and body tissues

42
Q

What are the major endocrine glands, the hormones they produce, and the function of those hormones?

A
  1. Adrenal Glands
    a. Corticosteroids – control body’s use of fats, proteins, carbs; suppress the inflammatory response; maintain blood volume and pressure; regulate blood electrolytes; coordinates body’s response to stress
    b. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine – prepare the body for an emergency (increase heart rate and respirations, release glucose into bloodstream, stimulate nervous and muscular system)
43
Q

What are the major endocrine glands, the hormones they produce, and the function of those hormones?

A
  1. Pineal Glands
    a. Melatonin – sets circadian rhythms (patterns of wake and sleep), protects against damage by free radicals, inhibits reproductive functions
44
Q

What are the major endocrine glands, the hormones they produce, and the function of those hormones?

A
  1. Pancreas
    a. Insulin – lowers blood glucose levels
    b. Glucagon – raises blood sugar levels

A&P Unit 1 (6 decks)

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