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biology a-level > the heart, blood vessels and tissue fluid > Flashcards

the heart, blood vessels and tissue fluid Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what is the sinotrial node

A

initiates the cardiac cycle and generate electrical impulses that causes the atria to contract.

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2
Q

where is the SAN located

A

the wall of the right atrium

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3
Q

what is the atrioventricular node

A

delays the impulse to allow the atrium to finish contracting

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4
Q

what is the bundle of his

A

Purkyne fibres that distribute impulses causing the ventricle contraction

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5
Q

What is the stages of the cardiac cycle

A
  • SAN sends out an electrical impulse
  • non conducting tissue prevents immediate contraction of ventricles
  • atria contract
  • AVN sends an impulse
  • Bundle of his conducts the impulse making the ventricle contract from the base up
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6
Q

where is the cardioregulatory centre found

A

the medulla

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7
Q

how does heart rate increase

A

increased rate of respiration increases CO2 concentration which makes the PH is more acidic. This is detected by chemoreceptors which activates the acceleratory centre in the medulla. Impulses are sent along the sympathetic neurones to the SAN which increases the frequency of of the waves

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8
Q

how does heart rate decrease

A

decreased rates of CO2 increases PH which is detected by chemoreceptors. This activates the inhibitory accelorator in the medulla. Impulses are sent along the sympathetic neurones to the SAN. This causes the SAN to reduce the frequencey of the waves and reduces the heart rate

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9
Q

what is a closed circulatory system

A

blood is pumped in contained vessels

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10
Q

where does the right side of the heart pump blood

A

to the lungs

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11
Q

where does the left side of the heart pump blood

A

the whole body

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12
Q

when do the AV valves in the heart open

A

when the pressure in the atrium is higher than the pressure in the ventricle

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13
Q

role of the valves within the heart

A

important for maintaining a constant pressure and preventing backflow

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14
Q

where do the coronary arteries pump blood

A

supplies heart muscles with blood to aerobically respire for muscle contraction

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15
Q

where is the interatrial septum

A

separates between the atriums

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16
Q

where is the interventricular septum

A

separates between the ventricles

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17
Q

what are the AV valves

A

tri and bi cuspid

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18
Q

main risk factors of coronary heart disease

A

genetics
age/sex
high blood pressure

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19
Q

what is the risk of coronary heart disease

A

less blood gets to the heart, less oxygen, anerobic respiration occurs

20
Q

mass transport system

A

needed to take materials from exchange surfaces to cells when transport is over large distances

21
Q

describe the strucutre of an artery

A

tough fibrous outer layer included collagen - resists pressure changes

thick muscle layer - contracts and relaxes to control flow of blood eg vasoconstriction

thick elastic layer - can stretch and recoil to maintain pressure changes

thin inner lining, enothelium - smooth to reduce friction of blood flow

22
Q

what is the role of a tough fibrous layer in a blood vessel

A

resists pressure changes

23
Q

what is the role of muscle layer in a blood vessel

A

allows the vessel to contract and relax to control the flow of blood - vasoconstriction/dilation

24
Q

what is the role of the elastic layer in a blood vessel

A

allows the vessel to stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure

25
Q

what is the role of the thin inner lining in the vessel

A

smooth to reduce friction

26
Q

what is the name of the inner lining within a vessel

A

endothelium

27
Q

what is the role of arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart towards organs

28
Q

describe the structure of a vein

A

thin muscular walls
thin elastic layer
large lumen
valves

29
Q

what are the role of arterioles

A

link arteries to capillaries

30
Q

structure of a capillary

A

walls made of enothelium
one cell thick

31
Q

what are plasma protiens

A

proteins within the plasma that are involved with the transport of other substances

32
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of the blood against the wall - blood pressure

33
Q

what is osmoitc pressure

A

how much water is likely to move into an area

34
Q

what is lymph

A

colourless fluid containing white blood cells

35
Q

what is tissue fluid

A

fluid that fills the spaces between cells

36
Q

what is the role of tissue fluid

A

allows transport between blood and cells

37
Q

what is tissue fluid made up of

A

oxygen water nutrients

38
Q

how is tissue fluid formed

A

hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries forces the blood plasma out causing ultrafiltration
osmotic pressure - removal of the blood plasma causes a decrease in water potential in the blood, water moves back in

39
Q

where in the capillary is the hydrostatic pressure highest

A

arteriole end

40
Q

where in the capillary is the oncotic pressure highest

A

venous end

41
Q

what happens to the tissue fluid that is not reabsorbed

A

drains into the lymphatic system

42
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

carries lymph around the body to drain back into the circulatory system - part of the immune system

43
Q

what does tissue fluid contain

A

water
white blood cells
glucose
amino acids
mineral ions

44
Q

what does lymph contain

A

similar to plasma
lymphocytes
fatty acids

45
Q

describe the process of the formation of tissue fluid

A

the heart pumps the blood which creates hydrostatic pressure which is higher than the osmotic pressure at the arteriole end of capillaries which forces tissue fluid out of blood plasma

biology a-level (9 decks)

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