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BIOLOGY A-LEVEL > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the role of golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages lipids and carbohydrates
makes lysosomes

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1
Q

features of a golgi apparatus

A

cisternae - fluid filled sacs
vesicles - small hollow structures

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2
Q

functions of mitochandria

A

site of aerobic respiration producing ATP

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3
Q

features of mitochandria

A

-double membrane controls entrance and exit of molecules in and out
- cristae - large SA
- matrix , contains enzymes involving respiration

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4
Q

functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-synthesis of proteins
-provides a pathway for materials to be transported throughout the cell

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5
Q

features of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • system of membranes enclosing a fluid space
  • ribosomes on outer surface
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6
Q

functions of lysosomes

A
  • breaks down material ingested by a phagocyte
  • releases enzymes to destroy material outside the cell
  • digests worn at organelles
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7
Q

features of lysosomes

A
  • double membrane
  • contains emzymes
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8
Q

what are the two parts that make up the nucleus

A

nucleolus
nuclear membrane `

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9
Q

what are the functions of the nucleus

A
  • acts as a control for the cell
  • produces mRNA
  • contains chromosomes, manufactures RNA and ribosomes
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10
Q

features of the nucleus

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • double membrane
  • nuclear pores allows mRNA
  • chromatin
  • nucleoplasm jelly
  • nucleolus makes mRNA and ribosomes
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11
Q

what are vesicles

A

transports proteins around the cell

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12
Q

what is a cytoskeleton

A

a series of protein threads that runs through the cytoplasm

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13
Q

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  • provides support and structure to the cell
  • transports organelles and materials within
  • causes a cell to move
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14
Q

what are the 3 parts to the cytoskeleton

A
  • microfilaments
    -microtubules
  • intermediate fibres
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15
Q

what are microfilaments

A

helps with cell movement, cell contraction

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16
Q

what are microtubules

A

determines the shape of the cell
and movement of organelles

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17
Q

what are intermediate fibres

A

strength ad support of the cell

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18
Q

what are specific microtubules

A

centrioles are microtubules involved in creating and organising spindle fibres

19
Q

what is flagella

A

moves the cell

20
Q

what are cilia and how do they help the cell

A

surface of the cell
moves objects adjacent to the cell

21
Q

what is the plant cell wall

A
  • made of celulose
  • supports the plant and protects it from pathogens
22
Q

what are vacuoles

A

maintain the turgor of the plant

23
Q

what is the membrane of the vacuole called

A

tonoplast

24
Q

what is the function of the membrane of a vacuole

A

semi permeable to allow small molecules in

25
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

the site of the photosynthesis

26
Q

what are the 4 features of a chloroplast

A

-stroma
- thylakoid
- granum
- lamella

27
Q

what is a stroma

A

fluid in chlorplasts
- contains enzymes for chemical reactions

28
Q

what is a thylakoid

A

flattened sacs with a large SA

29
Q

what is a granum

A

several thylakoid stacked together and contain chlorophyll

30
Q

what is a lamella

A

join the granum together

31
Q

what are centrioles

A
  • located in the cytoplasm
  • organising microtubules and serve as the cells skeletal system
32
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell

A

has no membrane bound organelles

33
Q

what is a bacteria cell wall made of

A

peptidoglycon

34
Q

what is a plant cell wall made of

A

cellulose

35
Q

what is a fungi cell wall made of

A

chitin

36
Q

How does a light microscope work

A

Used to look at living cells and illuminates with light

37
Q

Strengths of a light microscope

A

East to operate
Living and dead organisms

38
Q

Limitations of light microscopes

A

Max magnification is 500
Only has a resolution of 0.2 micro metres

39
Q

How does a scanning microscope work

A

Scans a beam of electrons onto a specimen

40
Q

Strengths of an electrons microscope

A

Produces 3D images

41
Q

Limitations of a scanning microscope

A

Only dead cells
Lots of preparation
Cannot see inside structures

42
Q

How does a transmission microscope work

A

Transmits a beam of fast moving electrons through a specimen

43
Q

Strengths of a transmission microscope

A

High resolution
Internal structures can be seen

44
Q

Limitations of a transmission microscope

A

Black and white images

BIOLOGY A-LEVEL (10 decks)

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