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Physiology with pharmacology - L1 > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What protects the cardiac muscle?

A

cardiac muscle is protected by ribcage, within thoracic cavity - surrounded by a protective fluid-filled sac (pericardium)

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2
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • Right atrium (receives deoxygenated systemic venous return).
  • Right ventricle (pushes blood to pulmonary circulation for oxygenation)
  • Left atrium (receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation)
  • Left ventricle (pumps oxygenated blood under high pressure to head and body)
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of atrioventricular valves?

A

mitral & tricuspid

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4
Q

What side of the heart is the mitral valve on?

A

left

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5
Q

What side of the heart is the tricuspid valve on?

A

right

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6
Q

How many flaps does the mitral valve have?

A

2

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7
Q

How many flaps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

3

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8
Q

What connects the atrioventricular valves to the cardiac wall?

A

chordae tendinae & papillary muscles

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9
Q

What are the 2 semilunar valves?

A

aortic & pulmonary (small fibrous nodules come together

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10
Q

Where are cardiac cells found?

A

Heart wall: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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11
Q

What type of cells are electrically active?

A

cardiac cells

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12
Q

What are conducting cells?

A

Rapidly spread action potentials

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13
Q

What are examples of where conducting cells are found?

A

SAN, atrial intermodal tracts, AVN, bundle of His, Purkinje system

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14
Q

What are contractile cells?

A

action potentials (AP) lead to contraction - generation of force/pressure

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15
Q

Where are contractile cells?

A

majority of atrial + ventricular tissue

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16
Q

What links electrical signals & contraction of the myocytes (excitation-contraction coupling)?

A

Extracellular Ca2+

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17
Q

What is the electrophysiology of myocytes?

A

excitation - contraction coupling

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18
Q

What is the electrophysiology of myocardium?

A

extensively branched muscle fibre cell connected by intercalated discs (ID)

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19
Q

What connects myocardium (extensively branched muscle fibre cell)?

A

intercalated discs (ID)

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20
Q

What is the myocardial cell structure part of?

A

sarcolemma

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21
Q

How do depolarising current flow from cell to cell?

A

cell to cell (Electronical coupling) across Gap junctions, in wave-like flows (symcytium)

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22
Q

What is the role of desmosomes?

A

anchor fibres together

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23
Q

Where does excitation-contraction coupling occur?

A

T-tubules - sarcolemma forms deep invaginations

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24
Q

What happens when depolarisation is relayed through to the cell core, via the T-tubules?

A

Ca2+ is released

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25
Q

Where is Ca2+ released from?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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26
Q

Where does the electrical signal originate?

A

in the sinoatrial node (SAN)

27
Q

What is the action potential intrinsic rate at rest?

A

60-100/min

28
Q

What prevents the spread of the electrical excitation into the ventricles?

A

Fibrous atrioventricular ring

29
Q

When is it necessary to delay the spread of the electrical excitation into the ventricles?

A

allows for optimal atrial emptying

30
Q

What is the 2nd pacemaker in the cardiac cycle?

A

AVN (atrioventricular node)

31
Q

What occurs in atrial systole?

A

atrial depolarisation (which follows SAN stimulation)
- ventricles relaxed & atrioventricular valves open, filled ventricles with blood

32
Q

What follows atrial systole?

A

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

32
Q

What occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A
  • Purkinje fibre electrical activation, ventricle contract, increasing pressure, leadingto atrioventricular valves closing, as the ventricular pressure is larger
33
Q

What follows isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

Rapid ventricular ejection

34
Q

What occurs during rapid ventricular ejection?

A

ventricular pressure > aortic pressure
- semilunar valves open, leading to rapid blood ejection.
- this leads to a decrease in ventricular pressure, and an increase in arterial pressure, leading to atrial filling beginning.

35
Q

What follows rapid ventricular ejection?

A

Reduced ventricular ejection

36
Q

What occurs during reduced ventricular ejection?

A

ventricular depolarisation (decrease in pressure) - semilunar valves still open.
- arterial volume of blood decreases.

37
Q

What follows reduced ventricular ejection?

A

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

38
Q

What occurs during Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A
  • begins when ventricles are fully repolarised.
  • semilunar valves close (ventricular pressure < atrial pressure
39
Q

What follows isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

Rapid ventricular filling

40
Q

What occurs during rapid ventricular filling?

A

atrioventricular valves open as ventricular pressure < atrial pressure.
- ventricles begin to fill from atria

41
Q

What occurs after rapid ventricular filling?

A

reduced ventricular filling

42
Q

What happens during reduced ventricular filling?

A

longest phase of cardiac cycle and included last portion of ventricular filling

43
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle co-ordinated sequence?

A
  1. atrial systole
  2. isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  3. rapid ventricular ejection
  4. reduced ventricular ejection
  5. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  6. rapid ventricular filling
  7. reduced ventricular filling
44
Q

What can be used to identify pathology in the electrical activity of the heart?

A

electrocardiograms

44
Q

What can be placed around the heart to measure electrical actvitiy?

A

electrodes

45
Q

What 2 types of deflections can be created as a result of the direction of the electrical activity?

A

positive or negative

46
Q

How many electrodes are used for a simple analysis of ECG vs a clinical analysis?

A

simple = 3
clinical = 15

47
Q

What occurs when there is a Na+ current in the heart?

A

rapid depolarising phase (largest current in heart)

48
Q

What occurs when there is a Ca+ current in the heart?

A

rapid depolarising phase - triggers contraction all cardio myocytes

49
Q

What occurs when there is a K+ current in the heart?

A

repolarising phase all cardiomyocytes

50
Q

What occurs when there is pacemaker currents in the heart?

A

non-selective cation channels (Na+K+ inward current) - cells of SAN, AVN

51
Q

What can partially block channels in myocytes?

A

Drugs

52
Q

Describe what the current should be between the intracellular & extracellular heart muscle cells

A

Must be equal and opposite

53
Q

What channels open when depolarisation occurs?

A

Sodium (Na+) & Calcium (Ca+), causing cations to enter

54
Q

What is the P wave on an electrocardiogram?

A

depolarisation of atria

55
Q

Why can you not see the repolarisation of the atria?

A

masked by the QRS wave

56
Q

What time interval is in the PR INTERVAL?

A

time between atrial depolarisation & ventricular depolarisation

57
Q

What occurs during the QRS complex?

A

depolarisation of ventricles

58
Q

What is at the ST SEGMENTS?

A

regions between end of ventricular depolarisation & ventricular repolarisation

59
Q

What is the T wave?

A

repolarisation of ventricles

60
Q

What is atrial tachycardia?

A

fast electrical excitation

61
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

irregular excitation of the atria

62
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

irregular excitation of the ventricles

Physiology with pharmacology - L1 (17 decks)

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