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Physiology with pharmacology - L1 > Regulation of blood pressure > Flashcards

Regulation of blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood vessel capacitance?

A

blood volume held at a given pressure (related to distensibility)

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2
Q

What type of muscle is present in arterioles?

A

active vascular smooth muscle (VSM)

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3
Q

What 3 reasons change the resistance to blood flow?

A
  1. sympathetic nerves - decreased diameter of arteriole/increased resistance to blood flow
  2. circulating catecholamines (e.g. adrenaline)
  3. other vascular substances
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4
Q

What are capillaries?

A

site of exchange - but not all perfumed with blood

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5
Q

What controls capillaries?

A

dilation/ constriction of arterioles (pre-capillary sphincters in mesentery & brain)

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6
Q

What regulates capillaries?

A

sympathetic innervation of vascular smooth muscle & vasoactive metabolites produced in the tissue

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7
Q

Describe how much elastin is found in veins vs arteries?

A

more elastic tissue in arteries

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8
Q

What blood vessel contains the largest % of blood in the cardiovascular system?

A

veins

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9
Q

What can increase the activity of veins?

A

alpha-adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

What is the equation for the velocity of blood?

A

v = Q/A
velocity = flow/cross-sectional area

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11
Q

What is blood flow determined by?

A
  • pressure difference between vessel inlet & outlet
  • resistance of vessel to blood flow
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12
Q

What is the blood flow equation?

A

Q = change P/R
flow = difference in pressure/resistance

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13
Q

What is the TPR (total peripheral resistance)?

A

resistance of entire systemic vasculature

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14
Q

Who’s law can be used to figure out the resistance to blood flow?

A

Poiseullie’s law

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15
Q

What is Poiseuille’s law?

A

R = 8nl/pieR^4
resistance = 8 x viscosity of blood x length of blood vessel/ pie x radius of blood vessel (^4)

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16
Q

describe the relationship between resistance to flow & vessel length & blood viscosity

A

RESISTANCE TO FLOW DIRECTLY proportional to vessel length and blood viscosity

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17
Q

describe the relationship between resistance to blood flow & the radius

A

resistance to flow is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to 4th power of the radius

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18
Q

Where is series resistance seen in blood vessels?

A

series resistance can be seen within an organ

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19
Q

What is the total resistance?

A

sum of individual resistances

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20
Q

What is the benefit of parallel resistance?

A

no loss of pressure

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21
Q

Why does pressure decrease with blood flow?

A

energy lost overcoming frictional resistance

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22
Q

What level of compliance (elasticity) does the aorta have?

A

low

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23
Q

What level of cardiac output is in the arteries?

A

remain high

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24
Q

Why is there a decrease in pressure in the arterioles?

A

high resistance of flow

25
Q

What is the compliance + pressure in veins?

A

high compliance + low pressure

26
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

pressure when heart is contracting

27
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

pressure when the heart is relaxing

28
Q

What is the arterial pressure like during systolic pressure?

A

highest following ventricular blood ejection during contraction

29
Q

What is the arterial pressure like during diastolic pressure?

A

lowest during ventricular relaxation

30
Q

What is the pressure in veins?

31
Q

Why is pressure so low in veins?

A

result of decreased resistance of each level of vasculature

32
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A
  • reflects blood volume ejected from the left ventricle (stroke volume)
    pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic pressure
33
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A
  • average pressure in one complete cardiac cycle
    mean arterial pressure = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
34
Q

Why is only 1/3 pulse pressure included to work out mean arterial pressure?

A

as the heart spends a longer time in diastole than in systole

35
Q

Throughout the day, what happens to the systolic & diastolic pressure?

A

reduces during sleep & increases in the morning

36
Q

What regulates blood pressure?

A

baroreceptors (mechanoreceptors) - carotid & aortic sinuses

37
Q

Describe how baroreceptors respond to an increase in pressure

A

increase in pressure = increased stretch = increased afferent nerve firing

38
Q

Describe how baroreceptors respond to an decrease in pressure

A

decrease in pressure = decreased stretch = decreased afferent nerve firing

39
Q

What nucleus receives input regarding blood pressure from the baroreceptors and directs the SNS + PNS changes via medullary CV centres?

A

Solitary Nucleus

40
Q

How does the peripheral nervous system cause a decrease in heart rate + blood pressure?

A

via vagus nerve

41
Q

How does SAN lead to increased heart rate?

A

increased cardiac muscle contractility = increased stroke volume

42
Q

What hormonal system can control arterial pressure?

A

medium/long term control of arterial pressure (Pa) can be controlled Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

43
Q

Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

regulates blood volume, electrolyte balance + systemic vascular resistance

43
Q

How does kidneys decrease arterial pressure (Pa)?

A

decrease perfusion pressure detected by kidney afferent arteriole mechanoreceptors, prorenin - renin released into blood

44
Q

Angiotensinogen - angiotensin I - angiotensin II

What are the effects of angiotensin II?

A
  • increase in sodium reabsorption
  • stimulates Na+-H+ exchange with kidney
    = hypothalamus - increases thirst & ADH secretion - increase water reabsorption in collecting ducts
45
Q

How do chemoreceptors in carotid & aortic bodies that detects O2 regulate blood pressure?

A

arteriole vasoconstriction

46
Q

How can Atrial natriuretic peptide regulate blood pressure?

A

V1Rec = vasoconstriction
V2Rec = water retention

47
Q

What is chronic hypertension ?

A

elevated blood pressure

48
Q

What are the effects of chronic hypertension?

A

leads to desensitisation of baroreceptors

49
Q

What are the effects of hypertension?

A
  • small increase in blood pressure - increased risk of morbidity + mortality.
  • if BP is too high - extra strain on blood vessels + other organs
50
Q

What does persistent high BP lead to increased risk of?

A
  • heart disease
  • heart attacks
  • strokes
  • heart failure
  • aortic aneurysms
  • peripheral arterial disease
  • kidney disease
  • vascular dementia
51
Q

What are 3 hypertension treatments?

A
  • angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
  • Renin inhibitors
52
Q

What is the effect of diuretics (Thiazide) as a hypertension treatment?

A

decreases extracellular fluid

53
Q

What is the effect of beta-blockers as a treatment for hypertension?

A

decreased heart rate + contractility

54
Q

What is the effect of calcium channel blockers as a treatment for hypertension?

A

decreased contractility + increased vessel relation

55
Q

What is the effect of alpha-blockers as a treatment for hypertension?

A

inhibit alpha adrenoreceptors - decreased vasoconstriction

Physiology with pharmacology - L1 (17 decks)

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