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Foundations Of Med > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Arterial system
Heart
Pump system/venous system

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2
Q

What is the arterial system?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart

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3
Q

What is the heart?

A

The pump of the system

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4
Q

What is repurpose system?

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart

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5
Q

What direction does blood flow in the system?

A

Body-RA-RV-Lungs-LA-LV-Body

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6
Q

Does oxygenated or deoxygenated blood flow through the right side of heart?

A

Deoxygenated

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7
Q

Does oxygenated or deoxygenated blood flow through the left side of heart?

A

Oxygenated

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8
Q

What is systole and diastole?

A

Systole - contraction
Diastole -relaxation

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9
Q

What is the average pulse rate of the heart?

A

70 bpm
Can change due to exercise
Speed up inhale
Slow down exhale

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10
Q

What component takes deoxygenated blood away from heart to lungs?

A

Pulmonary trunk
Then 2 pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

What component takes oxygenated blood away from heart to body?

A

Aorta

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12
Q

What component brings deoxygenated blood from body to heart?

A

Vene cavae x2

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13
Q

What component brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart?

A

Pulmonary veins x4

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14
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?

A

Epicardium - external visceral serous pericardium
Myocardium - middle cardiac muscle layer
Endocardium - internal continuous with endothelium of blood vessels connecting with heart

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15
Q

What are the two types of valves in the heart?

A

Atrioventricular- mitral (left) and tricuspid (right)
Semilunar - aortic and pulmonary (blood leaving)

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16
Q

What is one normal route of conduction in the heart?

A

Electrical impulse starts spontaneously at sinoatrial node causing both atria to contract
Travels to atrioventricular node at atrioventricular septum
Travels down right and left bundles in interventricular septum
Spreads out to myocardium through conducting fibres causing both ventricles to contract

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the blood vessels?

A

Tunica intima - internal, endothelium
Tunica media - middle, smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Tunica adventitia - external, connective tissue

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18
Q

What do arteries give rise to?

A

Branches

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19
Q

What is bifurcate and trifurcate?

A

Artery splits into 2 branches
Artery splits into 3 branches

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20
Q

What do the terms common and trunk mean in reference to arteries?

A

That the artery will divide again

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21
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Relaxation of the smooth muscle and widening of the lumen to INCREASE blood flow to organ/tissue

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22
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle to REDUCE blood flow to the organ/tissue

23
Q

What can arteriolar smooth muscle contraction help to do?

A

Reduce blood loss following an injury

24
Q

What is sympathetic tone?

A

Low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole
Due to tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

25
Q

What is anastomoses?

A

Arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
Provides alternative routes for blood flow to supply the cells distal to an arterial occlusion (blockage)

26
Q

What is the circle of Willis?

A

An arterial anastomoses of the brain
May help to prevent a cerebrovascular accident (CVA/stroke)

27
Q

What are alternative routes to anastomoses?

A

Collateral arteries or collateral circulation
However they bleed from both sides of a cut, so haemorrhage can be worse

28
Q

What is an end artery?

A

The only arterial blood supply to a given area (no collateral vessels)

29
Q

What can untreated occlusion of an end artery lead to?

A

Infraction of its territory
Infraction means irreversible cell death due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) caused by loss of arterial blood supply

30
Q

What is occlusion of a coronary artery?

A

Heart attack

31
Q

What is occlusion of a central artery of the retina?

A

Monocular blindness

32
Q

Is blood that is entering the aorta during systole at a high or low pressure?

A

High pressure

33
Q

What type of walls does the aorta have?

A

Elastic

34
Q

What does elastic recall do?

A

Maintains peripheral flow during diastole

35
Q

What are the 4 parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending aorta - branches, left and right coronary arteries
Arch of the aorta - 3 branches,
Thoracic aorta - numerous branches
Abdominal aorta - 3 unpaired midline branches and several parred, bilateral

36
Q

What are the branches of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk - upper limbs and head
Left comman carotid artery - head
Left subclavian artery - inferior to clavicle

37
Q

What is the basic upper limb blood supply?

A

Left subclavian artery which becomes the left axillary artery which then becomes the left brachial artery
The brachial artery is anterior to the elbow joint and bifurcates to give 2 branches, left radial artery and left ulnar artery

38
Q

What do the branches at the aorta supply blood to?

A

Abdominal organs

39
Q

What do the common iliac arteries supply blood to?

A

Pelvis/perineum and lower limbs

40
Q

What/where are the peripheral pulses?

A

Carotid - bifurcation of common carotid artery (neck)
Radial artery - radial side of palmer aspect of wrist
Brachial artery - anterior to elbow joint
Femoral artery - continuation of external iliac artery
Popliteal artery - posterior to knee
Dorsalis pedis artery - dorsum of foot

41
Q

What is a neurovascular bundle?

A

Bundle of nerve, artery and vein

42
Q

What are the 6 principles of veins?

A

1- carry deoxygenated blood
2- low pressure and non- pulsatile
3- draw blood away from a territory
4- have tributaries: venues and veins which merge like a river
5- thin walled which collapse when empty
6- they have valves!

43
Q

What are the venous valves?

A

In limb veins, values are present to ensure unidirectional how back to the heart against gravity

44
Q

What are the skeletal muscle pumps?

A

Contraction at skeletal muscles in lower limbs helps assist blood flow back towards the heart

45
Q

What are the venue comitantes?

A

Small reins run in pairs or more with an artery in a sheath and arterial pulsation pushes venous blood back towards heart

46
Q

What is the difference between superficial and deep veins?

A

Superficial veins are smaller and run in superficial fascia then drain into deep veins
Deep veins are larger and run deep in deep fascia and in cavities
Deep veins are often found in neurovascular bundles

47
Q

What are capillaries lined with?

A

Single layer of endothelium

48
Q

What travels through the lumen of the capillaries?

A

One red blood cell (erythrocyte) at a time

49
Q

What do the capillaries allow?

A

Exchange of gases

50
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

Collect tissue fluid
(fluid that normally leaks outwhen blood flows through capillary bed)
Once in the lymphatic capillaries the fluid is called lymph

51
Q

What do lymphatics do?

A

Carry lymph through lymph nodes
(carry white blood cells to filter foreign particles and fight infection/cancer)

52
Q

Where does lymph eventually end up?

A

Central veins in root of neck

53
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct do?

A

Drains lymph into right venous angle

54
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

Drams lymph into left venous angle
Only lymphatic vessel large enough to be found in dissection

Foundations Of Med (4 decks)

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