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Cardiac Emergencies > the heart > Flashcards

the heart Flashcards

1
Q

overview

A
  • The right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and tissues and then pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide
  • its left side receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues
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2
Q

strongest part of the heart

A

-left ventricle

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3
Q

the heart simplified

A
  • cone shaped
  • 4 chambers - two atria and two ventricles
  • double pump - the ventricles
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4
Q

systemic circulation

A

-blood vessels that transport blood to and from all the body tissues

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5
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

-much less pressure then systemic circulation

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6
Q

base

A

-top of heart

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7
Q

apex

A

-tip of heart

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8
Q

location of heart

A

In mediastinum -> behind sternum and pointing left, lying on the diaphragm

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9
Q

weight of heart

A

It weighs 250-350 gm (about 1 pound)

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10
Q

pericardium layers

A
  • Three layered:
    1. Fibrous pericardium
    1. Serous pericardium of layers (2) & (3)
      - Parietal layer of serous pericardium
      - Visceral layer of serous pericardium = epicardium: on heart and is part of its wall (Between the layers is pericardial cavity)
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11
Q

myocardium

A

-muscle of the heart

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12
Q

epicardium

A

-visceral layer of serous pericardium

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13
Q

endocardium

A

-layer lining the chambers

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14
Q

layers from out to in

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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15
Q

interatrial septum

A

-divides the left and right ventricles

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16
Q

atrium

A
  • prime the ventricles

- makes sure ventricles are able to enough contract blood

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17
Q

interventricular septum

A

-separate left and right ventricles

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18
Q

tricuspid valve

A

-from right atrium to right ventricle

19
Q

pulmonary or pulmonic valve

A

-right ventricle to pulmonary trunk (R and L branch)

20
Q

semilunar valves

A

-pulmonic and aortic valves

21
Q

mitral valve (bicuspid)

A

-left atrium to left ventricle

22
Q

aortic valve

A

-left ventricle to aorta

23
Q

flow

A

-Body to right heart to lungs to left heart to body
-Body, then via vena cavas and coronary sinus to RA, to RV, then to
lungs via pulmonary arteries, then to LA via pulmonary veins, to LV, then to body via aorta
-From body via SVC, IVC & coronary sinus to RA; then to RV through tricuspid valve; to lungs through pulmonic valve and via pulmonary arteries; to LA via pulmonary veins; to LV through mitral valve; to body via aortic valve then aorta

24
Q

relative thickness of muscular walls

A
  • LV thicker than RV because it forces blood out against more resistance;
  • systemic circulation is much longer than the pulmonary circulation
  • Atria are thin because ventricular filling is done by gravity, requiring little atrial effort
25
Q

heartbeat

A

a single sequence of atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction

26
Q

systole

A

contraction

27
Q

diastole

A

filling

28
Q

normal heart rate

A

60-100

29
Q

tachycardia

A

greater than 100

30
Q

bradycardia

A

-slower than 60

31
Q

S1 : Heart sound

A

-S1 is the closing of AV (Mitral and Tricuspid) valves at the start of ventricular systole

32
Q

S2 : Heart sound

A
  • S2 is the closing of the semilunar (Aortic and Pulmonic) valves at the end of ventricular systole
  • Separation easy to hear on inspiration therefore S2 referred to as A2 and P2
33
Q

murmurs

A
  • the sound of flow
  • Can be normal
  • Can be abnormal
34
Q

places to auscultate the heart

A

-Routine places are at right and left sternal border and at apex

35
Q

electrical conduction signal

A
  • specialized cardiac muscle cells that carry impulses throughout the heart musculature, signaling the chambers to contract in the proper sequence
  • can create its own signal
  • originates in the SA node
  • AV node delays enough for the atria to contract before the ventricles
  • bundle of his
  • right and left bundle branches
  • right and left ventricles
  • purkinje fibers
36
Q

SA node

A
  • sinoatrial
  • in wall of right atrium
  • sets basic rate (60-100)
  • is the normal pacemaker
  • impulse from SA to atria
  • impulse also to AV node via internodal pathway
37
Q

atria

A

-contract top down

38
Q

ventricle

A

-contract bottom up

39
Q

AV node

A

In interatrial septum

-40-60

40
Q

AV bundle (bundle of his)

A
  • Into interventricular septum

- Divides R and L bundle branches become subendocardial branches (“Purkinje fibers”)

41
Q

contractions being at the

A

apex

42
Q

autonomic innervation

A
  • Sympathetic -> Increases rate and force of contractions

- Parasympathetic (branches of Vagus nerve) -> Slows the heart rate

43
Q

AV node

A

40-60

Cardiac Emergencies (13 decks)

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