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Cardiac Emergencies > Cardiology/EKG > Flashcards

Cardiology/EKG Flashcards

1
Q

atrioventricular valves

A
  • tricuspid valve- RA -> LV

- mitral (bicuspid) valve- LA -> LV

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2
Q

semilunar valves

A
  • aortic valve- leaving LV -> atria

- pulmonic valve- RV -> pulmonary artery

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3
Q

chordae tendonae

A
  • prevents backflow
  • stops valve from over extending back into the atria
  • papillary muscles
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4
Q

anatomy of the peripheral circulation

A
  • blood leaving heart is leaving via artery

- blood coming back to heart is via veins

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5
Q

artery layers

A
  • tunica intima- smooth inner layer
  • tunica media- middle
  • tunica adventitia- outer layer
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6
Q

capillaries

A

-one wall to allow for easy passage of gas

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7
Q

diastole

A
  • whats happening when the heart is filling up
  • at rest
  • not contracting
  • blood pressure thats left over the arteries after the heart contracted
  • pressure the heart has to overcome to get blood back into circulation
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8
Q

systole

A
  • when the heart is contracting

- left ventricle

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9
Q

ejection fraction

A
  • how much the left ventricle is pumping out

- high ejection fraction is good

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10
Q

stroke volume

A

-the volume of blood being ejected

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11
Q

preload

A
  • need to have good preload for good stroke volume
  • amount of blood going back to the heart
  • you need a lot to fill the heart back up
  • whats coming back to the heart
  • locking preload will minimize stroke volume
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12
Q

afterload

A
  • pressure left in the system that the left ventricle has to overcome
  • high number -> bad
  • makes it harder for blood to get back into circulation
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13
Q

arterial system

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
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14
Q

venous system

A
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
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15
Q

cardiac output

A

-stroke volume x heart rate

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16
Q

sympathetic

A
  • things are going to increase
  • increase circulation
  • heart rate, contraction, and dromotropy increases with sympathetic stimulation to the heart
  • chronotropy- heart rate
  • inotropy- force of contraction
  • dromotropy- makes impulse easier to be conducted through the heart -> initiates heart beats
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17
Q

cardiac depolarization

A

-1. resting potential- sodium outside, potassium inside
-2. action potential
-3. replorization
-potassium leaves and sodium is going in during depolarization
-potassium enters and sodium is leaving during repolarization -> back to polarized ready state
-

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18
Q

cardiac conductive system: automaticity

A

-can create its own impulse

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19
Q

electrocardiogram

A
  • sees with direction impulses are traveling
  • positive (upward) and negative (downward) impulses
  • summary of electrical impulses
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20
Q

isoelectric line

A
  • flat line

- no electric activity

21
Q

artifact

A
  • things that get in the way of a ECG reading
  • muscle tremors
  • shivering
  • patient movement
  • loose electrodes
  • 60-hertz interference
  • machine malfunction
22
Q

ECG leads: bipolar (limb)

A
  • einthovens triangle
  • Leads 1, 2, 3
  • moves towards the positive lead -> positive deflection (line goes up)
  • primary lead we look at is lead 2 -> goes diagonally down (important bc heart contracts top to bottom)
  • negative sticky (lead 1) on the top right and negative on the bottom left leg -> this is lead 2
  • lead 1- top right (neg) to top left (positive)
  • lead 3- top left (pos) to bottom left leg (neg) - not a good reading
23
Q

augmented (unipolar)

A

-aVR, aVL, aVF

24
Q

precordial

A

-V1-V6

25
Q

routine monitoring with a single lead

A
  • looks at one lead
  • commonly lead 2
  • allows a good view
  • information shown:
  • rate and regularity
  • time to conduct an impulse

what you cannot see:

  • identify/locate an infarct
  • identify axis deviation or chamber enlargement
  • identify right to left differences in conduction
  • show the quality or presence of pumping action
26
Q

ECG paper

A
  • speed
  • amplitude and deflection
  • calibration
  • 1 small box- .04 seconds
  • 1 big box- 5 little boxes wide = .2 sec
  • 5 big boxes- 1 second
  • 10 little boxes (2 big boxes) make up 1 millivolt
27
Q

relationship of the ECG electrical events in the heart

A
  • p wave
  • QRS complex
  • T wave
  • U wave
28
Q

p wave

A
  • atrial depolarization

- normal, upright, only before each QRS complex

29
Q

QRS complex

A
  • ventricular depolarization
  • ventricular contracting from bottom up
  • spike
  • atria is repolarizing
  • normal, duration of .08-.12 seconds
30
Q

U wave

A
  • ventricles repolarizing

- extra wave sometimes

31
Q

T wave

A

-ventricular repolarization

32
Q

P-R interval

A
  • impulse delay at AV junction

- .12-.2 seconds

33
Q

AV junction

A
  • initiates impulse if SA doesnt fire

- back up plan

34
Q

PR interval (PRI) or PQ interval (PQI)

A
  • .12-.2 seconds
  • beginning of p wave till beginning of QRS complex
  • 3-5 little boxes
35
Q

QRS interval

A
  • .08-.12

- width of the QRS complex

36
Q

absolute refractory periods

A
  • one of the ventricles gets to fire again
  • after QRS, not until the peak of T wave are they ready to contract again
  • no fire time
  • absolute refractory period
37
Q

relative refractory period

A
  • ventricular filbrilation
  • we dont like for things to land in this period
  • in this peroid they are kind of ready to fire but it takes a lot
38
Q

interpretation of rhythm strips

A
  • consistent and analytical
  • memorize the rules for each dysrhythmia
  • analyze a given rhythm strip according to a specific format
  • compare your analysis to the rules for each dysrhythmia
  • identify the dysrhythmia by its similarity to establish rules
39
Q

5 step procdure

A
  • analyze the rate
  • analyze rhythm
  • analyze p waves
  • analyze PR interval
  • analyze QRS complex
40
Q

analyzing rate

A
  • 6 second method- count the complexes in 6 seconds and multiple by 10
  • good tp use for irregular rhythms
41
Q

analyzing regular rhythm ECG

A
  • count the number of big boxes between complexes
  • 300 divided by number of boxes between complexes
  • only works for regular ECGs because the complexes are equally apart from each other
42
Q

regularly irregular

A
  • pattern in the irregularity

- two together one apart - repeating

43
Q

irregularly irregular

A
  • no pattern

- random

44
Q

occasionally irregular

A
  • blips in the ECG

- arrhythmias

45
Q

analyzing p waves

A
  • are the p waves present
  • are the p waves regular
  • 1:1 relationship with p waves and QRS complex
  • are the p waves upright (normal) or inverted
  • do all the p waves look alike
46
Q

analyzing the QRS complex

A
  • do all the QRS complexes look alike

- what is the QRS duration

47
Q

regular sinus rhythm

A

-6-100 beat/min

48
Q

leads

A
  • lead I- positive electrode on LA and the negative electrode on the RA
  • RL serves as a reference electrode for recording purposes
  • lead II- positive electrode is on the LL and the negative electrode RA
  • Lead III has the positive electrode on LL and the negative electrode LA

Cardiac Emergencies (13 decks)

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