The Head Flashcards
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones
Which bones of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?
suture, gomphosis, schindylesis, and syndesmosis
What are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?
sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification
What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?
sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification
What is the classification of a joint with a “nail-like” condition?
gomphosis
What is the classification of a joint with a “fissure-like” condition?
schindylesis
What is the name given to the indentation of bone between the nasal and frontal bones?
nasion
What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?
piriform aperture
What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?
canine eminence
What forms a bullet-like chin?
a large mental protuberance
What forms an indented chin?
well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance
What is the tip of the external occipital protuberance called?
the inion
What is the name of the linear elevation lateral to the external occipital protuberance?
superior nuchal line
Temporal lines are a feature on which bone(s)?
parietal and frontal bones
What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?
the pterion
What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the mastoid process called?
the asterion
What points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
the nasion, vertex, inion, and gnathion
What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?
the nasion, vertex, and inion
What is the norma basalis?
the skull viewed from the bottom
What is the appearance of the suture intersections over the hard palate called?
the cruciate or cruciform suture
Pterygoid plates are a feature of what bone?
the sphenoid bone
What is the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
a line drawn along the lesser wing of the sphenoid, anterior clinoid processes, and the sphenoidal jugum
What constitutes the bony floor of the anterior cranial fossa?
orbital plates of frontal bone, crista galli, and cribriform plate of ethmoid
What passes through the cribriform plate?
fila olfactoria of cranial nerve I, the olfactory nerve
An emissary vein leaves the anterior cranial fossa via what opening?
foramen cecum
What is the posterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?
superior border of petrous part of temporal bone, posterior clinoid processes, and dorsum sella of sphenoid bone
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the middle cranial fossa?
sella turcica
Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the middle cranial fossa ostia?
cranial nerves II, IIII, IV, V, and VI
What are the contents of the optic canal?
the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
the ophthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the abducent nerve
Which single opening will allow the exit of the greatest number of cranial nerves?
the superior orbital fissure
What is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?
unlike other artery-vein combinations they will not share the same opening: the ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
What are the contents of the foramen ovale?
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal artery
What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
the tentorium cerebelli
What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?
the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
What bony feature is prominent in the median plane of the posterior cranial fossa?
the clivus or basilar part of the occipital bone
Which cranial nerves exit posterior cranial fossa ostia?
cranial nerve VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory), IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), XI (spinal accessory), and XII (hypoglossal)
What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?
cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein
what are the contents of the jugular foramen?
the jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)
What can the five layers of the scalp spell?
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, Periosteum… SCALP
What are the principle sources of blood to the scalp?
internal carotid and external carotid branches
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?
all 3 division: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve
What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?
muscular component of the scalp
What muscle(s) are specifically associated with the scalp?
frontalis and occipitalis bellies of the epicranius muscle
The bellies of the epicranius muscles are connected by what structure?
galea aponeurotica
What specific nerves provide motor control to the scalp muscle?
facial nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches
What is unusal/unique about the muscles of the face?
they do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion
Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
orbicularis oris, procerus, and risorius
What motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by facial nerve?
brachial efferent (BE)
