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Spinal Final > Myology of the Back > Flashcards

Myology of the Back Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer one of the true back?

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi

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2
Q

Which of the muscles attaching to spinous processes represent layer two of the true back?

A

rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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3
Q

Which muscles attaching to transverse processes represent layer two of the true back?

A

levator scapula

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4
Q

The trapezius is innervated by what nerve?

A

the spinal accessory nerve

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5
Q

The latissimus dorsi is innervated by what nerve?

A

the thoracodorsal nerve

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6
Q

What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?

A

ventral rami from C6-C8

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7
Q

Which of the muscles of the true back are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

levator scapula, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

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8
Q

What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?

A

the ventral ramus of C5

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9
Q

What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?

A

the spinous process

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10
Q

Splenius capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?

A

mastoid process of the temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?

A

dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5) cord levels)

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12
Q

Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?

A

lateral mass of C1 & posterior tubercle of transverse process on C1-C4

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13
Q

What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)

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14
Q

Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?

A

the erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscle

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15
Q

Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

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16
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest

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17
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (rib 6-rib 12 or rib 3-rib 12)

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18
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?

A

dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves

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19
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?

A

spinous processes of L1-L5

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20
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?

A

iliac crest of the inominate bone

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21
Q

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum

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22
Q

What is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs (rib 5 or 6-rib 12)

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23
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7

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24
Q

What osseous pert of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

transverse process of C7

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25
Q

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates & inserts on ribs?

A

iliocostalis thoracis

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26
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)

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27
Q

What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervcis?

A

costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)

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28
Q

What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse process of (C3) C4-C6

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29
Q

What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)

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30
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?

A

accessory process & transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous processes of L3-L5, and median sacral crest S1-S3

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31
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis?

A

transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments

between tubercle & costal angle of the lower 9-10 ribs (rib 2 or 3-rib 12)

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32
Q

Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?

A

longissimus thoracis

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33
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (T1-T12, L1-L5)

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34
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

A

accessory process & medial part of transverse process of L1-L5

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35
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?

A

posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the inominate bone

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36
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?

A

spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3

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37
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?

A

transverse process of all thoracics

between tubercle and costal angle of all ribs (rib 1-rib 12)

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38
Q

Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - inserrtion?

A

longissimus thoracis pars lumborum

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39
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus cervicis?

A

posterior tubercle of transverse processes from C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the longissimus cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 & T1-T2 cord levels)

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41
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus capitis?

A

transverse tubercle of T1-T5 and articular processes of C4-C7

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42
Q

What is the insertion for the longissimus capitis?

A

dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)

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43
Q

Which erector spinae muscles attach to cervical articular processes?

A

longissimus cervicis and longissimus capitis

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44
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis thoracis?

A

spinous processes of T11 & T12 -L1 & L2

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45
Q

What is the insertion for the spinalis thoracis?

A

spinous process of T1-T4 or as low as T8

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46
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of all thoracic 7 upper lumbar spinal nerves

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47
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis cervicis?

A

spinous process of C7 & T1-T6

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48
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the spinalis cervicis?

A

spinous processes from C2-C4

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49
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of all cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8 cord levels)

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50
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the spinalis capitis?

A

spinous process of C7 & T1-T6 or T7

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51
Q

What is the innervation of the spinalis capitis?

A

dorsal rami of lower cervical & upper thoracic spinal nerves

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52
Q

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

A

semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators

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53
Q

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?

A

as many as nine vertebrae

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54
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis thoracis?

A

transverse tubercles of T6-T10 or as low as T12

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55
Q

What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracis?

A

T12

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56
Q

What is the insertion for the semispinalis thoracis?

A

spinous processes of C6-C7 & T1-T4

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57
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis thoracis?

A

dorsal rami of T1-T6 spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T6)

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58
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?

A

transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 & articular processes of C4-C7

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59
Q

What is the insertion for the semispinalis cervicis?

A

spinous processes of C2-C5

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60
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

dorsal rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves (cord levels C6-C8)

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61
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

A

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 & articular processes of C4-C6

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62
Q

What is the insertion for the semispinalis capitis?

A

below the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone

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63
Q

What is the innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

A

dorsal rami of C1-C6 spinal nerves (cord levels C1-C6)

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64
Q

The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle?

A

biventer cervicis

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65
Q

What regional subdivisions are now identified with multifidis muscles?

A

lumbar multifidis, thoracic multifidis, and cervical multifidis

66
Q

What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the classic multifidis?

A

articular process of C4-C7, transverse processes of T1-T12, mammillary processes of L1-L5 and the dorsal surface of S1-S4 or S5

67
Q

What is the insertion for the classic multifidis?

A

spinous process 3-5 segments above the origin

68
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

A

multifidis

69
Q

Contraction of the classic multifidis will result in what movements of the vertebral column?

A

lateral flexion & rotation of the spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve, and prevents entrapment of zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

70
Q

What is the attachment site and most cranial vertebra of insertion for the multifidis?

A

spinous process of C2

71
Q

Contraction of the multifidis cervicis will result in what movements?

A

alters the zygapophyseal capsular ligament response to load distribution
determines the cervical spine response to injury as evidenced by neck pain and is a significant contributor to postural control of the head and neck

72
Q

Which subdivisions of multifidis may demonstrate a reversal of origin - insertion?

A

multifidis lumborum

73
Q

Contraction of multifidis lumborum will result in what movements?

A

lateral flexion & rotation of the lumbar spine, maintains the lumbar lordotic curve, and prevents entrapment of lumbar zygapophyseal capsular ligament during movement

74
Q

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin - insertion combination?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracis pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum

75
Q

Rotator muscles are typically identified in what region of the spine?

A

the thoracic region

76
Q

What will replace muscles spanning one or two segmental levels in the cervicals and lumbars?

A

deep layers of the multifidis

77
Q

Contraction of rotator longus will result in what movement?

A

rotation of the segment of insertion, bilaterally acts to weakly extend spine

78
Q

What innervates the rotators?

A

dorsal rami at the level of insertion are believed to do so

79
Q

What muscles are included in the suboccipital muscle group?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior

80
Q

Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

81
Q

Which nerve will innervate all suboccipital muscles?

A

the dorsal ramus of C1, the suboccipital nerve

82
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

the spinous tubercle of C2

83
Q

Contraction of rectus capitis posterior major will result in what movement?

A

turns the face to the side, bilaterally acts to extend the head

84
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1

85
Q

Contraction of rectus capitis posterior minor will result in what movement?

A

extends the head

86
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

C2 spinous process and lamina

87
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

transverse process of C1`

88
Q

Contraction of the obliquus capitis inferior will result in what movement?

A

turns the face to the side

89
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1

90
Q

What is the insertion of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

between superior nuchal line & inferior nuchal line

91
Q

Contraction of the obliquus capitis superior will result in what movement?

A

lateral flexion/lateral bending of the head, bilaterally acts to extend the head

92
Q

An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which suboccipital muscle?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

93
Q

Suboccipital muscle feeback relays to what additional locations in the brain?

A

extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex, and vestibular nuclei

94
Q

What is the result of communication between suboccipital muslces, visual centers, and vestibular centers?

A

coordination of head and eye position

95
Q

What is the proposed function of the suboccipital muscle group?

A

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints

96
Q

Which suboccipital muscles are known to attach to dura mater?

A

rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor & obliquus capitis inferior

97
Q

Interspinalis is paired in which regions of the spine?

A

cervical and lumbar regions

98
Q

At what locations will interspinalis be absent along the spine?

A

T3-T4 down to T10-T11

99
Q

Contraction of interspinalis is traditionally said to result in what movement?

A

weak approximation of the spinous processes or extension of the spine

100
Q

Based on density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

101
Q

Intertransversarii are paired in which region(s) of the spine?

A

cervical and lumabar regions

102
Q

In which region of the spine are intertransversarii best developed?

A

cervical region

103
Q

Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?

A

posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii

104
Q

What are the names of the parts of the intertransversarii in the lumbar spine?

A

medial belly, anterior lateral belly, posterior lateral belly

105
Q

What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?

A

accessory process of transverse process L1-L4

mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4

106
Q

Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii

107
Q

Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by ventral rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

anterior lateral belly and posterior lateral belly, lumbar intertransversarii

108
Q

Which muscle group is innervated by both dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves?

A

intertransversarii

109
Q

Based on density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

110
Q

What is the origin of the longus colli?

A

vertebral bodies of C5-C7, T1-T3 & anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C5

111
Q

What is the insertion of the longus colli?

A

anterior tubercle of the anterior arch C1, vertebral bodies of C2-C4, and anterior tubercles of transverse processes C5-C6

112
Q

What will innervate the longus colli?

A

ventral rami of C2-C6 or C7 spinal nerves

113
Q

What is the origin of the longus capitis?

A

anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6

114
Q

What is the insertion of the longus capitis?

A

basilar part of the occipital bone

115
Q

What will innervate the longus capitis?

A

the ventral rami of C1-C3 spinal nerves

116
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

lateral mass & costal element of the transverse process of C1

117
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

basilar part of the occipital bone

118
Q

What will innervate the rectus capitis anterior?

A

ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves

119
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

costal element of the transverse process of C1

120
Q

What is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

jugular process of the occipital bone

121
Q

Contraction of the rectus capitis lateralis will result in what movement?

A

laterally flex the head to the ipsilateral side

122
Q

What will innervate the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

the ventral rami of C1-C2 spinal nerves

123
Q

What is the origin of the anterior scalene?

A

anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C6

124
Q

What is the insertion of the anterior scalene?

A

ridge and anterior scalene tubercle of the first rib

125
Q

Contraction of the anterior scalene will result in what movements?

A

flexion and lateral flexion (bending) of the neck & rotation of the cervicals to the contralateral side; elevates first rib

126
Q

What will innervate the anterior scalene?

A

the ventral rami of C2-C6 spinal nerves

127
Q

What is the origin of the middle scalene?

A

transverse processes of C1, C2 & posterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-C7

128
Q

What is the insertion of the middle scalene?

A

between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib

129
Q

Contraction of the middle scalene will result in what movements?

A

laterally flex the neck; elevate the first rib

130
Q

What will innervate the middle scalene?

A

the ventral rami of C3-C8 spinal nerves

131
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?

A

outer surface of second rib

132
Q

Contraction of posterior scalene will result in what movement?

A

laterally flex the neck; elevates the second rib

133
Q

What will innervate the posterior scalene?

A

the ventral rami of C6-C8 spinal nerves

134
Q

Which muscle is said to form the iliolumbar ligament?

A

quadratus lumborum

135
Q

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the quadratus lumborum?

A

transverse process of L5

136
Q

What is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum?

A

transverse tubercle of the transverse process L1-L4 & 12th rib

137
Q

What will innervate the quadratus lumborum?

A

the ventral rami of T12 & L1-L3 or L4 spinal nerves

138
Q

What is the origin of the psoas major?

A

vertebral bodies T12, L1-L5, S1 and transverse processes L1-L5

139
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas major?

A

lesser trochanter of the femur

140
Q

What will innervate the psoas major?

A

primarily the ventral rami of L2 & L3, may include ventral rami of L1 & L4 spinal nerves

141
Q

What is the origin of the psoas minor?

A

vertebral bodies T12, L1

142
Q

What is the insertion of the psoas minor?

A

iliopubic eminence of the innominate bone

143
Q

Contraction of the psoas minor will result in what movements?

A

weakly flexes trunk

144
Q

What will innervate the psoas minor?

A

the ventral ramus of L1 spinal nerve

145
Q

What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an origin to the iliacus?

A

superolateral margin of sacrum

146
Q

What non-vertebral column site serves as an origin to the iliacus?

A

iliac crest and upper two-thirds of the iliac fossa of the innominate bone

147
Q

What is the insertion of the iliacus?

A

lesser trochanter of the femur

148
Q

What will innervate the iliacus?

A

the femoral nerve, primarily the ventral rami of L2 & L3

149
Q

Contraction of the levator costarum brevis will result in what movement?

A

elevate the rib, collectively may laterally flex and rotate the trunk

150
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum brevis?

A

the dorsal rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves

151
Q

What is the origin of the levator costarum longus?

A

transverse tubercles of transverse processes from T7-T10

152
Q

What is the insertion of the levator costarum longus?

A

near costal angle of rib 9-rib 12

153
Q

Contraction of the levator costarum longus will result in what movements?

A

elevate the rib, collectively may laterally flex and rotate trunk

154
Q

What will innervate the levator costarum longus?

A

the dorsal rami of the lower thoracic spinal nerves

155
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior superior?

A

spinous tubercles of spinous processes from C7, T1 & T2, possibly T3

156
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus posterior superior?

A

upper outer border of rib 2 - rib 5

157
Q

Contraction of the serratus posterior superior will result in what movement?

A

elevate the upper outer border of rib 1 - rib 5 in inspiration

158
Q

What will innervate the serratus posterior superior?

A

the ventral rami of T2-T5 spinal nerves… intercostal nerves

159
Q

What is the origin of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

spinous tubercles of spinous processes from T11, T12, L1 & L2, possibly L3

160
Q

What is the insertion of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

inferior outer border of ribs 9-12

161
Q

Contraction of the serratus posterior inferior will result in what movements?

A

draws lower 4 ribs down and back, forced inspiration

162
Q

What will innervate the serratus posterior inferior?

A

the ventral rami of T9 - T11, the intercostal nerves & the ventral ramus of T12, the subcostal nerve

Spinal Final (6 decks)

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