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AT 530 Injury Prevention > The Head > Flashcards

The Head Flashcards

1
Q

Mandibular Fractures

A 
Caused by a direct blow.
Sx's:
Deformity
Loss of occlusion (loss of bite)
Pain with biting
Bleeding around the teeth
Lower lip anesthesia
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2
Q

Mandible Fracture Management

A

Temporary immobilization with elastic wrap followed by reduction and fixation.

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3
Q

Mandible Dislocation

A

Caused by a blow to an open moth from the side.

Sx’s:
Locked-open jaw position
Decreased ROM with poor occlusion
Pain

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4
Q

Mandible Dislocation Management

A

Ice, immobilization and reduction
Follow-up with a soft diet, NSAIDs and analgesics as needed.
Gradual return to activity, 7-10 days, post acute
Can be recurrent, result in malocclusion, or TMJ dysfunction.

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5
Q

Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction

A

Disk condyle derangement (disk is positioned anteriorly).

Sx’s:
Headaches, earaches
vertigo
Inflammation, neck pain, muscle guarding and development of trigger points.
Hyper-or hypomobility, muscle dysfunction
Limited ROM
Clicking, popping

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6
Q

Management of TMJ Dysfunction

A

Custom fit, removable mouth piece.
Strengthening and/or ROM exercises.
Referral if symptoms do not resolve.

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7
Q

Zygomatic Complex Fracture

A

Caused by a direct blow.

Sx's:
Deformity, nosebleed
Pain
Diplopia (double vision)
Numbness

Always monitor airway, get to the hospital right away.

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8
Q

Zygomatic Complex Fracture Management

A

Ice
Referral
Protective gear upon return to play.

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9
Q

Maxillary Fracture

A

Caused by a blow to the upper jaw.

Sx's:
Pain
Malocclusion
Epitaxis
Dilopia
Numbness; lip and cheek
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10
Q

Maxillary Fracture Management

A

Maintain airway
Monitor for brain injury
Transport to the hospital immediately, upright and leaning forward, if conscious (This allows for external drainage of saliva and blood).
Fracture reduction, fixation and immobilization.

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11
Q

Facial Lacerations

A

Caused by a direct impact and indirect compressive force.
Contact with a sharp object.

Sx’s:
Pain and substantial bleeding.

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12
Q

Facial Laceration Management

A

Control Bleeding
Cover
Referral (if needed)
Monitor for head injury

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13
Q

For Any Face or Head Injury

A

Check for neck or head injury.

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14
Q

Prevention of Dental Injuries

A

Mouth guards should be routinely worn when engaged in contact or collision sports.
Make them required.
Concussion prevention (maybe)
Practice food dental hygiene and disease prevention (Gingivitis. Periodontitis)
Yearly dental screenings
Cavity prevention.

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15
Q

Tooth Fractures

A

Caused by impact to the jaw and direct trauma.

Sx’s:
Uncomplicated fractures produce fragments without bleeding.
Complicated fractures produce bleeding and exposure of the tooth chamber which produces pain.

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16
Q

Tooth Fracture Management

A

Save the fractured pieces
If pt is not in pain or sensitive to air or cold, the follow up can wait up to 24-48 hours.
Control bleeding with gauze
Cosmetic reconstruction of the tooth.

With a root fracture, the athlete can continue to play but must follow-up immediately after the competition ends.

Rule out fracture
Monitor for concussion.

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17
Q

Tooth Subluxation, Luxaion and Avulsion

A

Luxation-tooth is out but still attached
Avulsion-tooth is completely out

Caused by a direct blow.

Sx’s
Tooth may be loosned or dislodged
Subluxed tooth may be loose within socket with little or no pain.
Luxations, no fracture has occured, but there is displacement of the tooth.

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18
Q

Tooth Subluxation, Luxation and Avulsion Management

A

Subluxed tooth; referral should occur within the first 48 hours.
Luxated tooth, re-positioning should be attempted along with immediate follow-up (fuck that, refer).
Avusled teeth should not be re-implanted except by a dentist. Save the tooth. (Recent studies suggest that this should be attempted if the athlete is willing, this creates the best environment for the tooth).

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19
Q

Nasal Fracture and Chondral Separation

A

Caused by a direct blow.

Sx's:
Separation of frontal processes of maxilla, separation of lateral cartilage or combination of both.
Profuse bleeding
Immediate Swelling
Deformity
Pain
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20
Q

Nasal Fracture and Chondral Separation Management

A 
Control bleeding
MONITOR AIRWAY
Refer for x-ray exam and reduction
Uncomplicated simple fractures may pose few problems and allow the athlete a quick return to activity (or even to finish competition)
Splinting (not really)
Nose guard
Monitor for concussion.
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21
Q

Deviated Septum

A

Caused by compression or lateral trauma.

Sx’s
Bleeding
Septal hematoma may form
Nasal Pain

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22
Q

Deviated Septum Management

A

Hematoma requires compression and drainage.
Following drainage, a wick is inserted to allow for further drainage.
Packing to prevent a return of the hematoma.
An untreated hematoma can result in formation of an abcess resulting in bone and cartilage loss and deformity.

23
Q

Epitaxis

A 
(Nosebleed)
Caused by direct blow
sinus infection
Humidity
Allergies
Foreign Body

Sx’s:
Bleeding from he anterior aspect of the septum
Generally presents with minimal bleeding and resolves spontaneously.
Severe bledding may require medial attention.

24
Q

Epitaxis Management

A

Sit upright
Cold with Compression
Put pressure on the affected nostril (gauze between the upper lip and gum - limits blood supply.
If bleeding does not cease in 5 minutes then an astringent or styptic may be applied. Guaze or cootn nose plug to encourage clotting . Afrin
After the bleeding has ceased the athlete can return to play if there are no other injuries.
Should be reminded not to blow the nose for at least 2 hours.

25
Q

Auricular Hematoma

A

(Cauliflower ear)
Caused by compression and or shear force. Single or repeated trauma, Subcutaneous bleeding.

Sx’s:
Separation and tearing of overlying tissue and cartilage of the ear.
Hemorrhaging and fluid accumulation
If untreated, coagulation, organization and fibrosis occurs.

26
Q

Auricular Hematoma Management

A

Proper ear protection
Icing to minimize hemorrhage
Prevent fluid solidification (physician aspiration, packing, pressure, collodion pack).
The key is compression.

27
Q

Tympanic Membrane Rupture

A

Caused by a fall or slap to the unprotected ear, or sudden underwater pressure change.

Sx’s:
Loud pop, followed by pain, nausea, vomiting and dizziness.
Hearing loss
Visible rupture using an otoscope.

28
Q

Tympanic membrane Rupture Management

A

Small to moderate perforations usually heal spontaneously in 1-2 weeks.
Infection can occur and must be continually monitored.

29
Q

Otitis Externa

A

(Swimmers Ear)
Caused by an infection of the ear canal caused by a bacillus.
Water becomes trapped by a cyst, bone growth, earwax or swelling of the canal caused by allergies.

Sx’s:
Pain and dizziness, itching, discharge and possible loss of hearing.

30
Q

Otitis Externa Management

A

Prevent by keeping the canal dry.
Ear drops with boric acid and alcohol before and after swimming.
Physician referral for antibiotics, acidification of the ear canal to kill bacteria and to rule out tympanic membrane rupture.

31
Q

Otitis Media

A

(Middle ear infection)
Caused by an accumulation of fluid in the middle ear caused by local and systemic infection and inflammation.

Sx’s:
Intense pain, fluid drainage from the ear canal, transient hearing loss.
Systemic infection may also cause fever, headaches irritability, loss of appetite and nausea.
Tympanic membrane may appeared bulging and/or bleeding.

32
Q

Otitis Media Management

A

Fluid withdrawal and testing may by necessary to determine appropriate atnibiotics.
Analgesics for pain.
generally resolves in 24 hours while pain may last for 72 hours.

33
Q

Impacted Cerumen

A

Caused by excessive wax may accumulate, clogging the ear canal.

Sx’s:
Varying degrees of muffled hearing or hearing loss.
generally little or no pain. No infection.

34
Q

Impacted Cerumen Management

A

Initial attempts should be made to irrigate the canal with warm water.
Do not try to remove with cotton swab, as it may increase the degree or impaction.
May require physician removal with a curette.

35
Q

Preventing Eye Injuries

A

Protective devices must provide protection from front and lateral blows.
Goggles with high impact-resistant polycarbonate lenses.
Goggles may distort peripheral vision and/or become fogged under certain conditions.

36
Q

Assessment of the Eye

A

Utilize extreme caution in evaluating and caring for eye injuries.
Some eye conditions require immediate referral.
transport athlete to the hospital in a recumbent position.
Cover both eyes.

37
Q

Eye Observations

A

Palpation - orbital rim for point tenderness and deformity.
Special Test
PEARL
Visual Acuity - Clarity, blurred vision, diplopia, floating black spots, flashes of light.

Ophthalmoscope
An instrument used for observing the interior of the eye.

38
Q

Orbital Hematoma

A

Caused by a blow to the eye causing capillary bleeding.

Sx’s:
Pain
Swellign and discoloration

Management:
Ice
Rest 
Monitor vision
Rule out fracture and/or concussion
Do not blow nose after and acute injury.
39
Q

Orbital Fracture

A

Caused by a blow to the eyeball forcing it posteriorly, compressing the orbital fat until a blowout rupture occurs to the floor of the orbit.

Sx's:
Diplopia
Restricted eye movement
Downward Displacement of the eye
Soft-tissue swelling and hemoraging
40
Q

Orbital Fracture Management

A

X-ray to confirm fracture
Antibiotics to decrease risk of infection due to proximity to the maxillary sinus.
Treat surgically or allow to resolve by itself.

41
Q

Foreign Body in the Eye Management

A

Do not attempt to remove by rubbing or by pulling with your fingers.
Close the eye and determine the location (pull the upper lid below the lower lid to cause tearing.
Wash the eye with saline
If the object is embedded, close and path the eye and refer to a physician.
Do Not Use Cotton

42
Q

Corneal Abrasions

A

Caused by attempting to remove foreign objects by rubbing the eye - cornea becomes abraded.
Scratching from foreign objects in the eye.

Sx’s:
Severe pain, watering of the eye, photophobia and spasm of the orbicular muscles of the eyelid.

43
Q

Corneal Abrasions Management

A

Patch the eye and refer to ta physician.
Fluorescein strip
Dilation is necessary for further assessment
Antibiotic ointment is applied with a semi-pressure patch over the closed eyelid.

44
Q

Hyphema

A

Caused by blunt trauma to the eye.
Serious injury that may cause long-term vision problems if not treated properly.

Sx’s:
Collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
Visible reddish tinge in anterior chamber.
Vision is partially or completely blocked.

45
Q

Hyphema Management

A 
Refer to a physician
Bed rest and elevation (30-40 degrees)
dark or low-light environment
Both eyes patched
Sedation and medication to reduce anterior chamber pressure
Additional bleeding may occur.
Also look at Kawa notes.
46
Q

Rupture of the Globe

A

Caused by a blow by an object smaller than the orbit.
Even if the globe is not rupture, blindness could still occur.

Sx’s:
Severe pain, decreased visual acuity, diplopia, irregular pupils, increased intraocular pressure and orbital leakage.

47
Q

Rupture of the Globe Management

A 
Immediate rest
eye protection
Antiemetic medication to avoid increasing pressure
Refereal.
This is a medical emergency.
48
Q

Retinal Detachment

A

Caused by a blow to the eye which can partially or completely separate the retina from the underlying structures.

Sx’s:
Painless
Early signs include floating specks, flashes of light r blurred vision. “Curtain Falling”

Management:
Immediate referral
Bed rest, patch both eyes

49
Q

Acute Conjunctivitis

A

(Pink Eye)
Caused by bacteria or allergens
Irritation caused by wind, dust, smoke or air pollution, common cold or upper respiratory conditions.

Sx’s:
Swelling with purulent discharge.
Itching, burning sensation

Management:
Highly infectious
10% solution of sodium sulfacetamide is often the treatment of choice.

50
Q

Hordeolum

A

(Sty)
Caused by an infection of the sebaceous gland at the edge of the eyelid. Staphylococcal organism.
Blepharitis is an infection of the eye lash follicle.

Sx’s:
Erythema of the eye
Localizes into a painful pustuale within a few days.

51
Q

Hordeolum Management

A

Application of moist compresses
Antibiotics and ointments are not necessary unless lid becomes inflamed of infected.
Pt should avoid squeezing the sty to drain.
Recurrent outbreaks require the attention of a physician.

52
Q

Throat Contusion

A

Caused by a direct blow, which could result in trauma to the carotid artery impacting blood flow to the brain which is a serious injury.

Sx’s:
Severe pain with spasmotic coughing, speaking with a hoarse voice and complaining of difficulty swallowing.
Fractured cartilage may result in an inability to breahe
Expectoration of frothy blood.
Cyanosis may be present (coloration)

53
Q

Throat Contusion Management

A

Airway integrity is the first priority, if breathing is compromised, immediate referral or transport.
Can try intermittent cold application
severe neck contusion may require stabilization with a well padded collar.
Monitor over time.

AT 530 Injury Prevention (6 decks)

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