Pharmacology, Drugs and Sports Flashcards
Drug
A chemical agent used in the prevention, treatment or diagnosis of disease.
Internal Administration
Inhalation intradermal Intramuscular Intranasal intraspinal Intravaginal Intravenous (Fastest, immediate response) Oral Rectal (Limited due to dosage regulation) Sublingual/buccal
External Administration
Inuntions (oil based medication rubbed into the skin) Ointments (long lasting topical medication) Pastes (ointments with non-fat base) Plasters (thick ointment, counterirritants) Transdermal patches (slow release mechanism) Solutions (administered externally)
Drug Vehicle
A drug vehicle is a therapeutically inactive substance that transports a drug. A drug is housed in a vehicle that my be either a solid or a liquid.
Administering Definition
Administering a drug is defined as providing a single dose of medication for immediate use by the pt.
Dispensing Definition
dispensing is providing the pt with a drug in a quantity sufficient for multiple doses.
By law, only licensed persons may prescribe or dispense drugs for an athlete.
Athletic trainers are not allowed to dispense medication unless allowed by state reguators.
Administering OTC Drugs
Athletic trainers may be allowed to administer a single dose of nonprescription medication.
General Guidelines for Administration
Should be taken as directed
Should not be used in combination without approval of a physician.
Do not use past expiration
Labels should not be removed
Take medications with water unless directed otherwise
Take with food or as directed
Containers should be childproof
Provide verbal and written instructions
Athletes should read the label information and know dosage schedule
Medications should not be shared with other individuals
Ensure that the athlete is aware of side effects and possible addictions
Be aware of interaction between meds and exercise
Traveling with Medication
Medication should not be stored in luggage, but carried by the athlete.
Prescription medications; bring extra
Make sure there is a source of medication while traveling
Travel with copies of written prescriptions
Keep medication in its original container
If traveling internationally understand restriction of other countries.
Local Antiseptics and Disinfectants
Types of antiseptics and disinfectants ate germicides, which are designed to destroy bacteria; fungicides, which kill fungi; sporicides, which destroy spores; and sanitizers, which minimize contamination by microorganisms.
Antiseptics
Applied to living tissue to kill bacteria or inhibit growth.
Disinfectants
Used to combat microorganisms.
Applied to non-living objects or surfaces.
Germicides
designed to destroy bacteria.
fungicides, sporicides and sanitizers.
Alcohol
Most widely used skin disinfectant
Ethyl alcohol and isoprophyl alcohol are equally effective
Inexpensive and non-limiting
Kills bacteria immediately with the exception of spores
Can be used as an antiseptic or astringent
70% solution can be used to disinfect instruments.
Phenol
Early antiseptic and disinfectant
Used to control disease organisms
Found in various concentrations and emollients
Derivatives include, resorcinol, thymol, and lysol
Halogens
Chorine, bromine, flouride
Betadine solution
Oxidizing Agents
Hydrogen Peroxide
Readily decomposes in presence of organic substances and has little use as an antiseptic.
Dilute solution can be used to treat inflammatory mouth and throat conditions.
Antifungal Agents
medicine used to treat fungi
Numerous antifungals agents
Some administered orally - must be carefully monitored by physician
Antibiotics
Disrupt metabloic processes of pathogenic microorganisms.
Used topically or as a systemic medications
Indiscriminate use can produce hypersensitivity and prevent development of natural immunity or resistance to subsequent infections.
Must be carefully controlled by a physician
Penicilin and Cephalosporins
Antibiotic
Used to treat kin and systemic infections
Interferes with metabolism of bacteria.
Bacitracin
Antibiotic
Antibacterial agent
Tetracycline
Antibiotic
Wide group of antibiotics that have broad antibacterial spectrum
Usually taken orally.
Macrolides
Antibiotic
Used for streptococcal infection and mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Same general spectrum as penicilin but can be used with individuals allergic to penicilin.
Sulfonamides
Antibiotic
Group of synthetic antibiotics
Used for UTI and skin infections
Quinolones
Antibiotic
A new group of antibiotics with broad spectrum of activity.
Must be carefully monitored for adverse effects
Asthma
A chronic inflammatory ling disorder characterized by obstruction of the airways as a result of complex inflammatory processes, smooth muscle spasm, and hyperresponsivness to a variety of stimuli.
Goals for Asthma Therapy
Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms
Maintain normal lung function
Prevent exacerbation
Provide adequate pharmacotherapy with minimal adverse effects.
Meet athletes expectations of and satisfaction with asthma care.
Portable Hand-Held Inhalers are Available
Meter dosed inhalers (pressurized canister)
Dry powder inhalers
Nebulizer
Often individuals become dependent on inhalers
Drugs That Inhibit Pain and Inflammation
Drugs used to inhibit pain or inflammation include:
Counterirritants and local anesthetics
Narcotic analgesics
Nonnarcotic analgesics and antipyretics
Possible Reasons that Pain is Inhibited
The excitatory effect of an individual impulse is depressed.
An individual impulse is inhibited.
The perceived impulse is decreased.
Anxiety created by pain or impending pain is decreased.
Counterirritants and Local Anesthetics
Analgesics give relief by causing systemic and topical analgesia.
Application causes local increases in circulation, redness and rise in skin temperature.
Mild pain can often be reduced with counterirritants.
Examples of Counterirritants and Local Anesthetics
Liniments Analgesic balms Spray coolants Alcohol Menthol Cold Local injectable anesthetics
Narcotic Analgesics
Most are derived from opium or are synthetic opiates (morphine and codeine)
The depress pain impulse and respiratory center.
Non-narcotic Analgesics and Antipyretics
These drugs are designed to suppress pain without losing consciousness.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
A type of non-narcotic analgesic.
Is an effective analgesics and antipyretic but has no anti-inflammatory activity.
Does not irritate GI system and is often a replacement for aspirin in non-inflammatory conditions.
Over-ingestion can lead to liver damage.
Found in products designed to treat cold and flu symptoms.
Drugs to Reduce Inflammation
Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)
Widely used
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic
Adverse reactions generally GI related
Over-ingestion can lead to tinnitus, dizziness
Reye’s syndrome result in anaphylaxis
Should be avoided in contact sports as it prolongs clotting time.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID’s)
Contain anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties.
Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and effective for osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis
Used primarily to reduce pain, stiffness, swelling, redness and fever associated with localized inflammation.
Fewer side effects and longer duration than aspirin.
Can cause GI reactions, headache, dizziness, depression and tinnitus.
Taken in conjunction with heavy alcohol use can produce stomach bleeding
NSAID’s are associated with increased risk of adverse CV events
NSAID’s may increase the risk of GI bleeding ulceration and perforation.
Corticosteroids
Used primarily for chronic inflammation of musculoskeletal and joint problems. Prolonged use can cause complications such as: Fluid and electrolyte disturbances Musculoskeletal and joint impairment Dermatological problems Neurological impairment Endocrine dysfunction Ophthalmic conditions Metabolic impairments
Cortisone is primarily injected but can be administered through iontophoresis and phonophoresis.
Drugs that Produce Skeletal Muscle Relaxation
These include methocarbamol, cyclobenzaprine and carisoprodol.
Due to overall relaxation effect, physicians believe these are less specific to muscle relaxation than once believed (they also cause drowziness
These drugs are used to eliminate muscle guarding and spasm.
These drugs do not appear to be superior to analgesics or sedatives in either acute or chronic conditions.
Drugs to Treat GI Disorders
This includes stomach upset, gas formation due to food incompatibilities, acute or chronic hyperacidity.
Poor eating habits may lead to digestive dysfunction such as diarrhea or constipation.
Antacids
Antacids are durgs that help treat GI disorders. Antacids are used to neutralize acidity in the upper GI and relief of acid ingestion, heart burn and peptic ulcers.
Sodium bicarbonate or baking soda are popular
Antacids with magnesium tend to have laxative effect.
Overuse can cause electrolyte imbalances.
Antiemetics
These drugs are used to treat nausea and vomitting
It works locally (mucosal lining of stomach)
It works centrally (affects the brain; making it less sensitive to nerve impulses for inner ear and stomach).
There are a variety of drugs available but some may cause drowsiness.
Carminatives
Drugs that inhibit gas formation.
Carthartics
(Laxatives)
Must be under direct supervision of a physician.
Indiscriminate use may render the individual unable to have normal bowel movements.
May cause electrolyte imbalances.
Antidiarrheals
Diarrhea tends to be a symptom, not a disease. Result of emotional stress, allergies, adverse drug reactions or intestinal problems.
Histamine-2 Blockers
Reduces stomach acid output by blocking histamine on certain stomach cells.
Used to treat peptic and gastric ulcers. (Tagamet, Zantac)
Protien Pump Inhibitors
Used to supress gastric acid secretion.
Drugs Used to Treat Colds and Allergies
Nasal Decongestants
Cough Medications
Antihistamines
Sympathomimetics
Nasal Decongestants
There are a number of nasal decongestants available
Prolonged use may cause rebound congestion and dependency.
Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act
This act bans over-the-counter retail sales of cold medications with pseudophedrine.
Limits the amount of pseudoephedrine that can be sold to an individual each month.
Regulated sellers also must go through federally mandated self-certification process.
Athletic trainers must be familiar with new state laws in order to remain compliant.
Cough Medications
Suppress cough (antitussives) or produce fluid in respiratory system (expectorant).
Few side effects from non-narcotic antitussives and they are not addictive.
Narcotic antitussives contain codeine.
Little evidence that expectorants are any more effective on reducing cough than simply drinking water.
Antihistamines
Antihistamines are often added to decongestants.
Opposes histamine action, but have little effect on the common cold.
Beneficial in allergies
Impairs the body’s ability to dissipate heat.
Non-sedating antihistamines pose less risk for heat-related illnesses.
Sympathomimetics
This type o drug is often used to reduce spasm of bronchiole smooth muscle.
They may cause heat related problems.
Epinephrine (EpiPen) - used to treat anaphylaxis from food or insect bites.
Drugs to Control Bleeding
Vasoconstrictors
Hemostaic Agents
Anticoagulants
Vasoconstrictors
These are most often administered externally at the site of bleeding.
Epinephrine or adrenaline is commonly used.
These are immediately to constrict the vessels.
Hemostatic Agents
drugs that immediately inhibit bleeding. Zeolite granules (QuikClot) and Citosan (HemCon). used as specialized dressings to manage hemorrhage.
Anticoagulants
Heparin - prolongs clotting time but will not dissolve clot once formed. Controls extension of a thrombus already present.
Coumarin derivatives - acts by supressing formation of prothrobin in the liver.
given orally, they can be used to slow clotting time in certain vascular disorders.
Drugs that Can Increase the Rate of Heat Illnesss
Some drugs may alter he body’s ability to thermoregulate.
Anticholinergics and antihistamines (decrease the sweating mechanism).
Sympathomimetic amines (may predispose athlete to heat stroke).
Phenothiazines ( impact hot/cold temp. regulation).
diuretics (alters volume expansion and cutaneous vasodialation).
The athletic trainer must be aware of potential risk of medications relative to heat illnesses.
Over-the-Counter Medications
These are non-prescription medications.
Prescription medications pose a greater risk for the patient and require clinical skills and judgment of individuals that are trained and licensed to dispense medications.
Record Keeping - always maintain accurate and up to date medical records that include quantity of medication given and method of administration.
Record Keeping for AT’s
At's must maintain accurate and up to date medical records that include: Name Complaint Current medication Any known drug allergies Name of medication Lot number expiration date Quantity of medication given Method of administration Date and time of administration.
