❌The Golden Triangle Flashcards
What is the golden triangle?
Sport, business and media.
Shows how they link together
What is commercialisation?
The treating of sport as a commodity, involving the buying and selling of assets, with the market as the driving force behind sport
What is merchandising?
The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another
What’s an example of merchandising?
Professional sports performers/teams promote various products including mobile phones, betting companies, etc.
What is media?
An organised means of communication by which large numbers of people can be reached quickly
What are the positive impacts of media in sport?
People gain knowledge of sport from the media.
Increases profile of sport and individuals.
Sports with high level of skill, physical challenge, easily understood, short timescale, nationally relevant are seen as ’good’ tv.
Generates high income for sports
Increased standards of performance.
What are the negative impacts of media in sport?
Some sports are less attractive - seen as less popular with limited audience.
Government have to ‘ring-fence’ certain sporting events for terrestrial TV - this is declining.
NGBs lose control - traditional nature of sports lost - dictate times/breaks for adverts/ seasons.
Media can over-sensationalise negatives.
Lower attendance at events due to being on TV.
What is ring-fencing?
A number of sporting events at national and international level must be available for viewing on terrestrial or free-to-access TV rather than on satellite and subscription channels.
Why is ring-fencing done?
To access the widest number and range of viewers
To avoid restricting coverage to subscription channels available only to those who can afford them.
To increase geographical access to all viewers in all parts of the country to major sporting events.
To enable viewing of certain events which are seen as part of our sporting heritage and culture.
To enable access to sporting events which should be freely available to all to view (e.g. Olympic games).
What are the positive impacts of media on performers?
Increased income High profile - role models Improved facilities/coaching Could gain more sponsors More spectators
What are the positive impacts of media on spectators?
Increased performance standards - more exciting and better entertainment.
Improved quality of facilities - large and higher quality stadiums, from increased investment.
Improved viewing experience via innovations such as changes in ball colour, creation of team merchandise.
Increased access to watch sport; more opportunities to watch events live as more competitions, etc, are taking place.
More variations of a sport format develop which provide alternative viewing experiences.
More funding is available to provide entertainment (breaks, cheerleading, etc) at sport events.
Rule changes introduced provide extra interest and extra excitement.
Increased funding improved technology at a ground (video screens) and at home.
Increased excitement in the audience while awaiting the decisions of off-field officials (Hawkeye in tennis).
Increased awareness of and knowledge of sport - creation of role models for fans to idolise.
Increased elimination of negative aspects of sport (e.g. hooliganism).
What are the negative impacts of media on spectators?
Increase costs to watch sport, e.g. on pay-per-view satellite channels.
Loss of traditional nature of sport.
Increased number of breaks in play to accommodate adverts and decisions of officials.
Fewer tickets available for fans; more are allocated to sponsors and corporate hospitality
Changes in kickoff times to maximise viewing figures, which is not always in the best interests of the long-distance travelling fans who wishes to watch it live.
Minority sports receive less coverage.
Links to ‘team or player merchandise’ are sometimes viewed negatively due to their high cost and regularity of change.
What are the positive impacts of media on coaches/managers?
Higher profile - increases public awareness of their role.
Higher salaries
More money in sport, so they can invest in their squad, training, medial provisions, etc.
Can analyse their opponents more
Learn from other high level coaches
What are the negative impacts of media on coaches/managers?
Under a lot of pressure to be successful and win matches.
High level of public expectation to produce positive results.
High risk of losing job if not successful
High pressure to answer and deal with media.
Inequalities in the level funding (lower level, minority sports)
Hard to attract the best, high level performers if limited media coverage = financially disadvantaged.
What are the positive impacts of media on officials?
Increased profile - increases public awareness of their role in ensuring fairness in sport.
An increase in salary and possibility of full-time job opportunities are part of an elite group of match officials
Increased funding to invest in support systems and training to improve standards of officiating; increased ability to learn from other officials.
Increased funding to invest in technology to aid officials in their decision making.
What are the negative impacts of media on officials?
Increased pressure on officials to get decisions right
Increased expectation to respond to media enquiries and give interviews explaining their decisions.
Risk of possible demotion or loss of job if a ‘faulty decision’ is highlighted in the media.
Technology to aid officials in their decisions making is not always available to them at lower levels of a sport.
Officials may become too dependent on media technology when it is made available to them.
What are the negative impacts of media on performers?
Decreased media coverage can result in loss of income from media.
A performer can lose their sponsorship
Fewer spectators attending due to lack of wins can results in lower wages.
Increased pressure = deviancy
Inequalities - some performers won’t be shown as much
Young players copy negative role models - decline in behaviour to all levels.
What is sponsorship?
Provision of funds, money and/or support for a commercial return
What are the positive impacts of sponsorship on sport?
Increased funding results in improved facilities, equipment, coaching and more talent ID programmes.
Increased funding to provide technology at events for officials to make better decisions for the sport
Increased role models in a sport - inspire others to take part - increased participation rates
Increased spectator interest and involvement - wearing kits, etc.
What are the negative impacts of sponsorship on sport?
Sports may become over-reliant on the funding and income from commercial sources - this could then be withdrawn
Money goes to already popular sports which are high attractive
The sport can lose control - e.g. ticket allocations for corporate events - no seats for ‘true fans’.
The location of the events may be influenced by commercial considerations - e.g. American football matches at Wembley to help the global appeal.
What are the positive impacts of sponsorship on performers?
Increased wages, prize money and rewards
More chance of full time sport - fully devoted, improves their performance.
Can improve behaviour due to being increasingly in the public eye - must maintain discipline - fair play and sportsmanship and off field charity work.
Increased funding to pay for training facilities and equipment.
What are the negative impacts of sponsorship on performers?
Increased pressure to win at all costs to maintain high level of wages and deals.
Increase deviant behaviour due to increased pressure to win.
Performers treated as commodities - bought and sold
Inequality means sports people playing minority sports miss out on funding and full time sports opportunities.
What are the positive impacts of sponsorship on officials?
Increased profile - increases awareness of their important role in sport - increases fair play
Full time job and salary
Increased funding and therefore better support and training
Better technology due to funding - can then aid decisions
What are the negative impacts of sponsorship on officials?
Increased pressure to get decisions right - TV can even now have an ex professional ref analysing their performance for BT/SKY - increased risk of losing job
Expectations to give interviews and respond to criticisms
Officials can become dependant on technology - not always available
What are the positive impacts of sponsorship on coaches/managers?
Increased salary and higher profile - particularly football
The increased funding from sponsors and selling of media can be invested in sport - they can then use this to strengthen squad and facilities
What are the positive impacts of sponsorship on spectators?
Increased performance standards
Improved facilities - larger, higher quality
Improved viewing opportunities - red button
Increased funding for technology at ground - video screens, etc
More spectators can watch games and more events taking place
Increased awareness and knowledge of the sport
What are the negative impacts of sponsorship on spectators?
Minority sports receive less coverage - major sports dominate
More breaks in play for ads, etc
Increased costs to watch sport - e.g. pay per view
Fewer tickets for fans - corporate hospitality
What are the negative impacts of sponsorship on coaches/managers?
Under intense pressure to win and be successful of sack - public expectations
Interviews with media expectation - question can be tough
