the global war Flashcards
Explain brinkmanship…
Using nuclear strength to force agreement a from communist opponents
Massive retaliation explained…
*containment has requires a decathlon to any global communist expansion
*nsc-162 report says to fight communists with force and nuclear weapons
Explain nuclear deterrent…
use of building up nuclear reserves to prevent aggression before it rises
Explain rollback
Direct response to Truman’s containment
Says Truman too weak politically
Criticised containment
After Stalin’s death 1953…
ended personality cult
reforming KGB
new course of economic policy
destalinisation
Explain destalinisation…
discrediting stalin
relaxing opression
called the “great thaw”
Key points of Khrushchevs speech..
destalinisation and discredited his agression’
criticised the purges of military
bettter relationship with yugoslavia
people shocked at criticism
Nikita Khrushchev
1958 soviet leader
greater emphasis on human comfort and consumer goods
believed in peaceful coexistence
Why did NK reduce his military and by how much ?
cut by 33%
to save military costs so more for nuclear
What results seen at Austrian state treaty 1955?
removed all foreign troops and guaranteed austrian independence
FIRST TIME USSR TROOPS WILLINGLY LEFT ANY PART OF EUROPE
Why did USSR move troops out of Austria and where too ?
to show wanted peaceful relations
moved them to finland
key points of Krushchevs secret speech…
destalinisation and discredited his agression’ criticised the purges of military better relationship with yugoslavia people shocked at criticism
what were khruschevs foreign policy aims?
consolidate and strengthen ussr power focus on consumerism
explain summit diplomacy…
meeting other world leaders to reduce tensions from before
Austrian state treaty explain…
1955 may
ussr usa uk france
agreed to split austria into 2
removed red army and became neutral
the geneva summit explained…
july 1955
aimed for peaceful coexistence and reunification of germany open skies proposal rejected by khruschev
SET INITIA DISCUSSIONS FOR PC AS FISRT SUMMIT DIPLOMACY IN 8YRS
Camp david talks september 1959…
eisenhower invited NK to camp david so trusted each other
first soviet leader to visit usa agreed no 3rd way no agreements on berlin
paris summit…
may 1960
france uk ussr usa
khruschev wanted to discuss berlin and germany and limit nuclear arms in china
who ruined paris summit and why ?
who ruined paris summit and why ?
usa
had a spy plane but denied it saying it was for weather purposes
long term effects of paris summit…
u2 spy plane caused larger seperation between them
led to berlin wall ,missile crisis, arms race
U2 spy plane incident…
used to get info on soviet weapons shot down by soviets
usa lied saying it was weather monitoring
but had cameras and cyanide pill if caught
polish uprising june 1956…
polish workers staged strike in POZNAN
30,000 peaceful march turned VIOLENT
secret police attacked
60 killed
Alarmed soviets for change-threatens soviet intervention if unresolved
restoring gomulka..
october 1956
believed he would reform poland
ended prosecution of catholics
abandoned collectivisation
didnt do as much as expected
rakoski and hungary…
used salami tactics and spread fear
2000 executed 100,000 prisoned
caused economic ruin and famine
hungarian uprising…
october 1956
students/workers had 16 points for reform
wanted freedom and removal of secret police
imre nagy elected (communist yet reformer)
imre nagy…
prime minister of hungary
communist but more liberal and heard peoples choice
allowed other parties to run
released political prisoners
REFORMED FAST
nagy and warsaw pact…
november 1956
speech to withdraw from warsaw pact and be NEUTRAL
kadar left government in disgust
janos kadar
believes nagys reforms too much so left to budapest
became prime minister in 1958
soviets reaction to hungarian uprising…
soviet tanks cause 3000 deaths (said 30,000 in west propoganda)
tanks dragged bodies as warning
200,000 fled hungary
nagy executed and kadar in charge with soviets
why didnt west get involved in hungary?
committed to PC
dont want USSR in any conflict
attention with suez canal
suez canal crisis…
OCTOBER 1956
*egypt nationalises canal with soviet money so israeli forces push into egypt
*britain and france had trade intrests so support israelis
*NK threatens nuclear invasion if they dont retreat
*usa warned ussr of agression and pressures britain france and israel to retreat so they do in 1957
Konrad Adenauer
first chancellor of FRG (west Germany)
socialist ideas of individualism
advocated containment
supported NATO
FRG recognised as sovereign state and joined NATO 1955
Walter Ulbricht
communist leader of GDR
crushed opposition and rejected destalinisation
became most industrialised
crisis in GDR 1953…
*GDR used comecon and USSR 5 year plan for economy
*production doubled in first year
*ulbricht demanded more=unrealistic targets
*prices surged
*non communists arrested=highest year immigration
*NK said to not be so harsh but too late as had 10% INCREASE ON PRODUCTION
GDR uprising…
june 1953
strikes broke out-10,000 workers crowd
government got USSR help with tanks
125 killed
USA and GDR uprising…
wanted adenauer reelected
broadcasted it as propaganda and mess of communism
FRG enters NATO…
May 1955
limit army to 4 divisions
integrated into democratic republic
meant united germany unlikely
Adenauer visit to Moscow 1955…
to negogiate return of german prisoners of war
didnt go well as ussr commited to GDR more and saw their independence
adenauer created Hallstein doctrine
Hallstein doctrine…
FRG doesnt recognise GDR as state
dont recognise anyone that sees GDR
NKs proposal for germany 1958…
minimize usa influnce in germany
prevent migration from east to west
GDR power
immigration of east to west berlin by 1961…
1/6th population left east to west
berlin ultimatum nov 1958…
NK DEMANDED:
*6 month ultimatum to remove western troops from west berlin
*berlin to be free city and no military
USA response to Berlin ultimatum
rejected it
didnt want to ruin relation more with ussr
FRG feared US betrayl on Halstein doctrine
Vietnam by end of 1954
Temporarily divided by the 17th parallel
Communist forces had to withdraw to north
Diem replaced dai and had to withdraw to south
Elections for reunification supposed to take place
What is PAVN
People’s army of Vietnam-gov army of north Vietnam
ARVN
Army republic of Vietnam - official government army if south Vietnam
NLF
National liberation front -ho’s southern supporters
PLAF
People’s liberation armed forces -ho’s southern supporters as well
Vietcong…
Nickname for ho’s southern supporters
Diems rigged elections..
Claimed 98.2% vote out of 605,025
BUT REALLY ONLY 450,00 VOTES
USAs support with Diem..
•Eisenhower’s administration increased financial aid (1bil)
•Transport 310,000 Vietnamese from north of south
Law 10/59…
diems law
The sentence of death for any communist or anyone associated with them
ho chi minh intensifying the division…
*liquidated land of thousands-effected peasants
*1956 uprising 6000 peasants killed and deported
*became more popular-collectivisation
kennedy election…
in 1960 elected and takes over 1961
why did usa get involved in indochina?
*to help fund (75-80French war effort % us funding)
*domino thoery fear of cambodia and laos falling
*gained an ally and trade partner with diem
bay of pigs…
*fidel castro nationalised american companies
*so eisenhower cut aid to cuba to damage their economy
*both eisenhower and castro signed a trade agreement in 1960
*kennedy sponsered an an anti communist invasion to overthrow castro
*used cia and 1300 cuban exiles
*EMBARISING FAILURE- no air or marine support
why was Diem assasination…
*nov 1963
*refused to reform and strong repression of buddhists-set himself on fire as protest
us relations with cuba before…
*previously ruled by batista-dictator
*american funding and weapons(mainly sugar exports)
*batista corupt
emerging hostility between usa and cuba….
*castro took power 1959
*castro had a lot of support in cuba as seemed more nationalist than communist
*castro wanted independence from america so he nationalized and seized $1bil american owned property in cuba
the missile crisis start…
*1963 u2 spyplane spotted missile bases in cuba
pressures for kennedy with missile crisis…
*bases in cuba gave ussr nuclear parity(90 miles from florida)
*monroe doctrine gave usa right to intervene in cuba
*domino theory
pressures for khruschev…
operation mongoose…
*nov 1961- to overthrow castro
*secret sabotage
*cia operation with 1500 cuban exiles
*blew up railways and poisoned sugar crops
*attempts to destabilize castro
why were usa planning an invasion of cuba 1961?
*castro seized $1bil of us assets
OPLAN 312 AND 314…
*air strike on cuba 1962
*ussr saw as threat so made decision to deploy soviet missiles on cuba in 1962
operation anadyr..
*soviet willing to support castro
*meant to be secret but u2 spy plame spotted it
