Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho > The GI System > Flashcards

The GI System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the GI system

A

Digest and absorb ingested nutrients
Excrete waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

GI system and Nutrients

A

Most nutrients are too complex for absorption or completely insoluble so the GI system degrades them enzymatically in the simple molecules sufficiently small in size and in a form that permits absorption across the mucosa epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Upper GI Tract

A

Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach and duodenum
Aids in the ingestion and digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lower GI Tract

A

Includes small and large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Small intestine

A

Accomplishes digestion and absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Large intestines

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes, storing waste products of digestion until elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Integrity of the GI tract immune function and host defense

A

The gut immune system has 70% to 80% of the body’s immune cells, and the protective blocking action of the secretory response in the gut is crucial to the integrity of the GI tract immune function and host defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens with a reduction of normal bacteria in the gut after antibiotic treatment or in the presence of infection?

A

May interfere with the nutrients available for immune functions in the GI system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The GI sytem

A

Harvest the largest micro bio load in the human body
Maintaining balance between immunity against invading pathogens and tolerance to commensal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Commensals

A

Types of micros that reside on either the surface of the body or the mucosa
These micros don’t harm human health, live in harmony with humans mostly consist of bacteria
x10 more of these bacteria than actual cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intestinal homeostasis

A

Conducted by a tight regulation by cooperation of different branches of the immunity system that includes the innate and adaptive
If there is any source of disruption in this delicate balance, it is going to lead to GI disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signs and Symptoms of GI Disease

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Constipation
Dysphagia-difficulty w/swallowing
Achalasia-esophagus muscles don’t contract properly = don’t help propel food down the stomach
Heartburn
Abdominal Pain
GI Bleeding
Fecal incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common GI problems in older adults

A

Constipation
Incontinence
Diverticular disease

Each of these disorders has many different underlying causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the alimentary organs (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon) with age?

A

Like all muscular structures, lose some tone with age but still manage to perform almost as well in age as in youth

Changes within the alimentary tract include decreases in gastric motility, blood flow, nutrient absorption, and volume and acid content of gastric juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Esophagus - Hiatal hernia

A

Upper part of the stomach bulges through the diaphragm
Hernias are either congenital, resulting from a failure of formation or fusion of the multiple developmental components of the diaphragm, or acquired. Acquired hernias can also be categorized as either sliding or paraesophageal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Esophagus - Hiatal hernia
Incidence

A

Estimated as 5 per 1000 people, increases with age and may be as high as 60% in people older than 60 years of age. Women>men; children may have the sliding type but do not usually exhibit symptoms until they reach middle age.
Age, common on ppl over 50, obesity, smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Esophagus - Hiatal hernia
Risk factors

A

Weakening of the diaphragm muscle or anything that alters the hiatus (the opening in the diaphragm for the passage of the esophagus) and increases intraabdominal pressure can predispose a person to hiatal hernia.
Muscle weakness can be congenital or caused by aging, trauma, surgery, or anything that increases intraabdominal pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Esophagus - Hiatal hernia
Symptoms

A

Heartburn or reflux
Causes of Increased Intraabdominal Pressure:
* Lifting
* Straining
* Bending over
* Prolonged sitting or standing
* Chronic or forceful cough
* Pregnancy
* Ascites
* Obesity
* Congestive heart failure
* Low-fiber diet
* Constipation
* Delayed bowel movement
* Vigorous exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Backward flow
Common condition in which the stomach contents move up into the esophagus
Reflux becomes a disease when it causes frequent or severe symptoms or injury, may damage the esophagus, pharynx, or respiratory tract
Primary symptom is heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GERD - Incidence

A

Most common disorders seen in clinics
Approximately 10% to 20% of American adults have this disorder, seen equally in men and women
Older people are more likely to develop severe disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GERD - Risk Factors

A

Low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Hiatal hernias
Medications, cigarette smoking, esophageal dysmotility disorders, and xerostomia (dry mouth) all can lead to increased acid exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 factors involved in aiding the esophagus to remain healthy?

A
  1. anatomic barriers between the stomach and the esophagus,
  2. mechanisms to clear the esophagus of stomach acid,
  3. and maintaining stomach acidity and acid volume
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

GERD - Symptoms

A

Heartburn is the main; burning sensation at he stomach and raising to up the chest
chest pain, acid regurgitation, belching, dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and painful swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A

2 types of esophageal cancer exist: squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Typically develops in the middle of the esophagus,
90% of all esophageal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

More often located in the distal portion of the esophagus
Rise in frequency, 80% in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Esophageal Cancer - Incidence

A

Relatively uncommon, only 1% of all cancers diagnosed in the US
Cure rate is poor
6th leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide
Men>Woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Esophageal Cancer - Risk Factors

A

Geographic region, ethnic background, and gender
Adenocarci. middle-aged white men and often develops from Barrett esophagus
Squamous more common in blacks and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use
Exposure to nitrosamine, corrosive injury to the esophagus (burning from chemicals), achalasia, vitamin deficiencies (selenium and zinc), and human papillomavirus infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Barret esophagus

A

Complication of GERD, can lead to adenocarcinoma
Occurs when the normal epithelial cells of the lower esophagus are replaced with columnar cells, typically seen in the intestine = Metaplasia
30- to 40-fold increased risk for cancer
Pts placed in surveillance program

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Esophageal Cancer - Symptoms

A

Dysphagia, initially with solids and progressing to involve liquids
Weight loss
odynophagia (pain with swallowing), cough, hoarseness, chest pain, anemia, and regurgitation
Symptoms associated with progressive disease

31
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Most serious consequences in people with cirrhosis ~50%
Fragile, dilated veins in the lower third of the esophagus immediately beneath the mucosa that occur in the presence of portal hypertension

32
Q

Portal Hypertension

A

an increase in pressure in the portal veins that return blood to the heart via the liver from the intestines, stomach, spleen, and pancreas

33
Q

Esophageal varices - Incidence

A

Most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis (90%). This is due to scar tissue and nodule formation in liver tissue (changing the anatomy and making it difficult for blood to pass through the liver), increased blood flow from dilated splanchnic vessels (secondary to an overproduction of nitrous oxide), and an imbalance between intrahepatic vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

34
Q

Esophageal veins - Symptoms

A

Variceal bleeding (painless but significant hematemesis w/or no melena
Mild postural tachycardia to profound shock, depending on the extent of blood loss and degree of hypovolemia

35
Q

Esophageal veins - Management

A

All clients with cirrhosis should be evaluated by EGD or transnasal endoscopy for the presence of esophageal varices
Prophylaxis consists of nonselective β-blockers
Vasoactive medications
A stent may be placed between the hepatic vein and the intrahepatic portion of the portal vein
Liver transplantation

36
Q

Stomach - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

A

A break in the lining of the stomach or duodenum of 5 mm or more owing to a number of different causes.
Gastric ulcer - affects the lining of the stomach
Duodenal ulcer - occurs in the duodenum

37
Q

Stomach - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Incidence

A

6 million ppl per year in US
Men and women equally
Decrease in incidence due to Tx of H. pylori

38
Q

Stomach - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Risk factors

A

Psychologic stress, diet, caffeine, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption
Corticosteroids along with NSAIDs increase risk

39
Q

How does PUD happen?

A

Ulcers develop if there is change in the balance between mucosal insults and mucosal defenses.

40
Q

Stomach - Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Symptoms

A

No specific
Epigastric pain described as burning, gnawing, or cramping near the xiphoid or radiating to the back

41
Q

Gastric Cancer
Definition and Incidence

A

Malignant neoplasm arising from the gastric mucosa
90% of the malignant tumors of the stomach
5th most common cancer and 3rd most common cause of cancer death in the world

42
Q

Gastric Cancer Tx

A

The only potentially curative Tx approach for pt w/ gastric cancer is surgical resection with adequate lymphadenectomy

43
Q

Gastric Cancer Risk Factors

A

Poor diet
GERD
H. pylori infection
Epstein-Barr virus infection
Smoking
Contaminated water
Refrigerated food

44
Q

Intestines - Malabsorption disorders

A

Celiac Disease- an immune mediated disorder triggered by the exposure of the digestive tract tom gluten in people who are susceptible
Damage to the villi inhibits nutrient absorption
Symptoms: diarrhea (can be severe), bloating, indigestion, flatulence, weight loss, and abdominal pain/cramping
Tx: Strict gluten-free diet

45
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A

Collectively refers to two inflammatory conditions:
Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis

46
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Inflammation of the digestive tract

Chronic, lifelong inflammatory disorder that can affect any segment of the intestinal tract, although most commonly it affects the ileum and/or colon

47
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic disease of the large intestine, in which the lining of the colon becomes inflamed and develops ulcers

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa of the colon, typically involving the rectum, which can then advance proximally in a continuous manner to involve the entire colon
Complication: Cancer common

48
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

A

IBS is a group of symptoms that represent one of the most common disorders of the GI system, with a worldwide prevalence of 11%

Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort (abdominal sensation not described as pain) at least 3 days a month in past 3 months

49
Q

IBS Symptoms

A

Symptoms include chronically reoccurring abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits in the absence of structural, inflammatory, or biochemical abnormalities
Other: nausea and vomiting, anorexia, sour stomach, bloating, abdominal distention, and flatus

50
Q

IBS Risk Factors

A

Woman>man
Ages 20-40
Other pain syndromes including migraine headaches, fibromyalgia, interstitial cystitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and chronic pelvic pain

51
Q

Diverticular disease
Diverticulosis:

A

presence of outpouchings (diverticula) in the wall of the colon or small intestine

52
Q

Diverticular disease
Diverticulitis:

A

Inflammation/infection of the diverticula with possible complications such as perforation, abscess formation, obstruction, fistula formation, and bleeding

53
Q

Diverticular disease - Incidence and Risk factors

A

Western countries
Constipation, physical inactivity, eating red meat, obesity, smoking, and NSAID use
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, and scleroderma
Genetics
Chronic steroids and immunosuppressants

54
Q

Diverticular disease - Manifestation

A

Symptoms overlap with those of IBS
Blocked diverticula, bacteria that are trapped inside begin to proliferate, causing infection and inflammation
fever, change in bowel habits (usually diarrhea), nausea, vomiting, and anorexia

55
Q

Neoplasms - Intestinal polyps

A

A growth or mass protruding into the intestinal lumen from any area of mucous membrane can be termed a polyp
Polyps are either neoplastic or nonneoplastic

56
Q

Neoplasms - Benign Tumors

A

The most common benign tumors of the small intestine are adenomas, leiomyomas, and lipomas. Benign tumors of the small intestine rarely become malignant and may be symptomatic or may be incidental findings at operation or autopsy.

57
Q

Neoplasms - Malignant Tumors

A

The most common malignant tumors of the small intestine are metastatic through direct extension from adjacent organs (e.g., stomach, pancreas, colon).
Adenocarcinoma and primary lymphoma account for the majority of bowel malignancies

58
Q

Colorectal Cancer - Malignant tumor

A

The fourth leading cause of cancer among American men and women,
2nd leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in the US

59
Q

Colorectal Cancer - Malignant tumor
Risk Factors

A

Increasing age, male gender, a personal history of adenomatous polyps, IBD (UC, CD), family history of colon cancer or FAP, and obesity.
Cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption may possibly increase risk

60
Q

Obstructive Disease - Hernia

A

Abnormal exit of a tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides
Muscular weakness (congenital or acquired)
~Obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, coughing, surgical incision, or traumatic injuries from blunt pressure, increase the risk of developing a hernia

61
Q

Indirect Inguinal

A

Location: Sac herniates through internal inguinal ring; can remain in canal or pass into scrotum (men), can extend to the labia (woman)
Symptoms: Pain with straining; soft bulge that increases with increased intraabdominal pressure; may decrease when lying down
Frequency: Most common, 60%, infant<1yr and males 16-20yr
Cause: Congenital or acquired

62
Q

Direct Inguinal

A

Location: Directly behind and through external inguinal ring, above inguinal ligament; rarely enters scrotum
Symptoms: Usually painless; round bulge close to the pubis in area of internal inguinal ring; easily reduced when supine
Frequency: 2nd most common, more in men >40yr
Cause: Acquired weakness; deficient posterior inguinal wall brought on by heavy lifting, muscle atrophy, obesity, chronic cough, or ascites

63
Q

The Appendix - Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
Appendicitis initially presents with generalized or periumbilical abdominal pain that later localizes to the right lower quadrant

64
Q

Treatment for Appendicitis

A

The gold-standard treatment for acute appendicitis is an appendectomy
~Laparoscopic appendectomy is preferred over the open approach
~In cases where there is an abscess or advanced infection, the open approach may be needed

65
Q

Appendicitis Risk Factors

A

Any age
Peak btw 15-19 yrs
Males>Females
Infections causing enlarged lymph nodes
CD and UC

66
Q

The Rectum - Rectal Fissure

A

A rectal or anal fissure is an ulceration or tear of the lining of the anal canal, usually on the posterior wall

67
Q

Acute fissure

A

Occurs as a result of excessive tissue stretching or tearing, such as childbirth or passage of a large, hard bowel movement through the area

68
Q

Anal fissures

A

Frequently heal within a month or two when treated with a combination of bran and bulk laxatives or stool softeners, sitz baths, and emollient suppositories

69
Q

Hemorrhoids, or Piles

A

Varicose veins of a pillow-like cluster of veins that lie just beneath the mucous membranes lining the lowest part of the rectum and anus

70
Q

What are hemorrhoids associated with?

A

With anything that increases intraabdominal pressure

71
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A

Occur in the lower rectum and usually are noticed first when a small amount of bleeding occurs during passage of stool, especially if straining occurs during a bowel movement

72
Q

External hemorrhoids

A

Located under the skin around the anus bleed (bright red blood) if the hemorrhoid is injured or ulcerated and are very painful because they form in nerve-rich tissue outside the anal canal

73
Q

How are external hemorrhoids treated?

A

With a local application of topical medications, sitz baths, high-fiber diet, and avoidance of constipation and other causes of increased intraabdominal pressure

Patho (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions