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Patho > Endocrine + Diabetes > Flashcards

Endocrine + Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System together with the Nervous system do what?

A

Control and integrate body function to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

How does the Nervous system send its messages?

A

Along nerve fibers, eliciting swift and selective neural responses

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3
Q

How does the Endocrine system send its messages?

A

In the form of hormones via the bloodstream

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4
Q

Endocrine System

A

Consists of cells and glands that produce hormones
Similarly to NS, signals segments of the body to do something, but much slower to react
Requires the CVS to deliver the hormones and its effects last longer

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5
Q

Hypothalamic Control

A

Hypothalamus, main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic NS, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways
Negative feedback system regulates the ES

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6
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the thalamus, part of the lymphic system

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7
Q

Hypothalamus (Master regulator)

A

-Control center for ES-links NS to the ES via the pituitary gland
-Regulates certain metabolic processes + other activities of the autonomic NS
-Synthesizes + secretes certain neural hormones called releasing hormones/hypothalamus hormones
-Stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland

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8
Q

What does the Hypothalamus control?

A

Body temperature, hunger, important aspects of maternal attachment behavior

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9
Q

What are the 5 hormones released to the anterior pituitary gland by the Hypothalamus?

A
  1. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone*
    -Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  2. Corticotropin-releasing hormone*
    -adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. Growth hormone-releasing hormone*
    -Growth hormone
  4. Prolactin releasing hormone
    -Prolactin
    5.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
    -Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone
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10
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Sends a nerve signal:

Oxytocin-tells smooth muscle to contract
Vasopressin (interdietic hormone)- maintain hydration and blood volume

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11
Q

Oxytocin (Love hormone)

A

Stimulate muscles of the uterus to contract and boost production of prostic gland =uterine contractions

Woman in labor are given this to speed up process
Breast feeding; helps move milk to the ducts of the nipple
Produced when we’re excited by our partners / when we fall in love

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12
Q

Vasopressin

A

Increases amount of solid free water reabsorbed back into circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephron
Constricted arterials increase peripheral vascular resistance = blood pressure

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13
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Primary hormones produced by the thyroid:
1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
2. Thyroxine (T4)
3. Calcitonin

1+ 2 -regulate the body’s metabolic rate and increase protein synthesis
-energy levels, internal temp., production of hair, skin, weight
3 has a physiologic effect on calcium and phosphorus balance in the body
-in the blood

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14
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Not enough production of thyroid gland

Effects:
Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), energy loss, gain weight, slow metabolism, intolerance to cold, constipation, dry skin and hair, menstrual irregularities, infertility, children (stunted growth)

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15
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Produces too much thyroid gland

Effects:
Hot flashes/sweat, tachycardia (fast heartbeat), anxiety/nervousness, weight loss, tremors in hand, irritability, difficulty sleeping (restless), weakness, diarrhea

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16
Q

Goiter

A

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Lack of iodine
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (more common autoimmune condition)
Grave’s disease (immune system produces a protein which stimulates the growth)

Can be found in normal, hypo, or hyper thyroid
Doesn’t mean it’s not working
Condition present causing the thyroid to grow abnormally

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17
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

2 parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland
Secrete PTH- regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism (in blood stream / tissues depending on calcium)

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18
Q

PTH exerts its effects by:

A

-Increasing the release of calcium and phosphate from the bone (bone demineralization)
-Increasing the absorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate by the kidneys
-Promoting calcium absorption in the GI tract

Tells kidney, bones, and GI tract to provide more calcium

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19
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

1 or more PTH gland is overactive
Making too much PTH
Calcium levels in blood rise too high (thinning of bones and kidney stones)

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20
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Uncommon
Abnormalities in low calcium levels in the blood
Increase phosphate in the blood
muscle cramps, twitches, pain

21
Q

Adrenal glands

A

2 small glands located on the upper part of EACH kidney
Each consists of two relatively discrete parts: outer cortex and inner medulla
Outer cortex is responsible for the secretion of:
Aldosterone (steroid hormone that regulate fluid and mineral balance)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Androgens (sex hormone)

22
Q

Aldosterone

A

Regulation of BP acting on organs such as kidney and colon to increase sodium reabsorbed in blood stream; increases potassium excreted in urine
If salt is reabsorbed, water follows the high concentration of salt, increasing blood volume, therefore BP increases

23
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones responsible for controlling the metabolism of glucose
Controls blood sugar levels
Immune system acting as an anti-inflammatory

24
Q

Adrenal Medulla
(catecholamine=hormones and neuron transmitters response to stress)

A

Centrally located, derived from neural tissue and secretes epinephrin and norepinephrine;
Widespread effects on vascular tone, the heart, and the NS and affect glucose metabolism
Adrenal cortex and medulla are major factors in the body’s response to stress

25
Q

Epinephrine

A

*Adrenaline
Released during short-term stress
-Sudden shock/fear
-Increase HR, BP, Blood sugars levels

Fight-or-flight response; cardiac; myocardial stimulation, increased heart rate, dysrhythmias; vasoconstriction with increased blood pressure; increased blood glucose via glycolysis; stimulates ACTH production

26
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Vasoconstriction; other effects similar to epinephrine
Constrict blood vessels; the narrowing of blood vessels=blood flow is slowed or blocked

27
Q

Adrenal Insufficiency

A

Addison’s disease- disorder when adrenal glands don’t make enough cortisol
-Fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, abdominal pain

28
Q

What causes adrenal insufficiency?

A

Due to autoimmune disease OR
suddenly stopping steroid medicines being used to treat other conditions

29
Q

Secondary Adrenal insufficiency

A

Pituitary gland doesn’t make enough adrenocorticotropic hormone

30
Q

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

A

Overexpression of products of the adrenal cortex

Cushing Syndrome: cortisol over-produced
Conn Syndrome: hormonal condition where 1 or both adrenal glands produce more Aldosterone than normal (High BP)

31
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Human growth hormone (HGH)- produced w/in the anterior pituitary gland
Stimulate protein synthesis + increases bad breakdown to provide energy needed for tissue growth
Opposes action of insulin

-Somatotropin

32
Q

Somatotropin

A

In bones, muscles, organs

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction, releases insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver, retention of nitrogen to promote protein anabolism

33
Q

Excess GH

A

Caused by benign tumor of the cells of the pituitary gland
Tumors in children are rare, cause excessive growth/ height (gigantism) and features of acromegaly (enlargement of the distal parts of the body)
Enlargement due to overgrowth of cartilage muscle, subcutaneous tissue and skin

34
Q

GH Deficiency

A

short stature (dwarfism)
Result from damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland during fetus development or following birth
May also be caused by mutation in genes that regulated synthesis and secretion

35
Q

Kidney - Renin

A

Enzyme made by special cells in the kidney; part of the renin-angiotensin andosterol system chain reaction that regulate BP

Control Aldosterone production
Released when BP drops too low or when not enough sodium in the body

36
Q

Kidney - Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

Produced by specialized cells called interstitial cells in the kidney; acts on red blood cells to protect them against destruction
Stimulate stem cells of the bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells

37
Q

Pancreas - Glucagon

A

-Works with other hormones and bodily functions to control glucose levels in the blood
-Keeps blood glucose from dropping too low***
-Liver to convert stored glucose into a usable form and release it into bloodstream
-Stops liver from taking in and storing glucose so more stays in the blood
-Help make glucose from other sources like amino acids

38
Q

Pancreas - Insulin

A

-Produced to keep glucose from rising too high***
-Allows cells in the muscles fat and liver to absorb glucose that is in the blood
-Affects other metabolic processes like the breakdown of fats or protein
-Diabetes doesn’t secrete enough insulin or no longer uses it

39
Q

Glucose

A

Energy for cells or converted to fat when needed

40
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Secretes several hormones responsible for metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction, and cellular growth and development

Control of:
nutritional intake
sensitivity to insulin
inflammatory process mediator +pathways

41
Q

Adipose tissue is now thought as what?

A

Largest endocrine organ

42
Q

Adipose tissue works as…

A

Complex, essential and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ
Contains: connective tissue matrix, nerve tissue, vascular cells, and immune cells

Function as an integrated unit

43
Q

Pancreas Role in Diabetes

A

Secretes insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

Counterbalance each other

44
Q

Fasting Glucose testing
(Fasting Plasma Glucose Test)

A

To determine blood glucose level
Screen for/diagnose/monitor hyperglycemia
or hypoglycemia and pre-diabetes

Normal: 70-100 mg/dL
Pre-diabetes: 100-125 mg/dL
Diabetes: 126 mg/dL and higher

45
Q

Hemoglobin A1C (HB A1C)

A

An indicator of the extent to which blood glucose levels have been elevated over the previous 2-3 months

Normal: 4-5.6% of total Hb
Pre-diabetes: 5.7-6.4% of total Hb
Diabetes: >6.4% of total Hb

46
Q

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

A

2-hour postload glucose

Diabetes: ≥200 mg/dL
Pre-diabetic: 140-199 mg/dL
Normal: <140 mg/dL

47
Q

Creatinine Test

A

To determine if kidneys are functioning normally
Monitor treatment for kidney disease
Used as a part of a comprehensive or basic metabolic panel

Normal range: 0.66-1.25 mg/dL

48
Q
A

Patho (13 decks)

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