Endocrine + Diabetes Flashcards
Endocrine System together with the Nervous system do what?
Control and integrate body function to maintain homeostasis
How does the Nervous system send its messages?
Along nerve fibers, eliciting swift and selective neural responses
How does the Endocrine system send its messages?
In the form of hormones via the bloodstream
Endocrine System
Consists of cells and glands that produce hormones
Similarly to NS, signals segments of the body to do something, but much slower to react
Requires the CVS to deliver the hormones and its effects last longer
Hypothalamic Control
Hypothalamus, main integrative center for the endocrine and autonomic NS, controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways
Negative feedback system regulates the ES
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Below the thalamus, part of the lymphic system
Hypothalamus (Master regulator)
-Control center for ES-links NS to the ES via the pituitary gland
-Regulates certain metabolic processes + other activities of the autonomic NS
-Synthesizes + secretes certain neural hormones called releasing hormones/hypothalamus hormones
-Stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland
What does the Hypothalamus control?
Body temperature, hunger, important aspects of maternal attachment behavior
What are the 5 hormones released to the anterior pituitary gland by the Hypothalamus?
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone*
-Thyroid-stimulating hormone - Corticotropin-releasing hormone*
-adrenocorticotropic hormone - Growth hormone-releasing hormone*
-Growth hormone - Prolactin releasing hormone
-Prolactin
5.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
-Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone
What does the Hypothalamus do with the posterior pituitary gland?
Sends a nerve signal:
Oxytocin-tells smooth muscle to contract
Vasopressin (interdietic hormone)- maintain hydration and blood volume
Oxytocin (Love hormone)
Stimulate muscles of the uterus to contract and boost production of prostic gland =uterine contractions
Woman in labor are given this to speed up process
Breast feeding; helps move milk to the ducts of the nipple
Produced when we’re excited by our partners / when we fall in love
Vasopressin
Increases amount of solid free water reabsorbed back into circulation from the filtrate in the kidney tubules of the nephron
Constricted arterials increase peripheral vascular resistance = blood pressure
Thyroid Gland
Primary hormones produced by the thyroid:
1. Triiodothyronine (T3)
2. Thyroxine (T4)
3. Calcitonin
1+ 2 -regulate the body’s metabolic rate and increase protein synthesis
-energy levels, internal temp., production of hair, skin, weight
3 has a physiologic effect on calcium and phosphorus balance in the body
-in the blood
Hypothyroidism
Not enough production of thyroid gland
Effects:
Bradycardia (slow heartbeat), energy loss, gain weight, slow metabolism, intolerance to cold, constipation, dry skin and hair, menstrual irregularities, infertility, children (stunted growth)
Hyperthyroidism
Produces too much thyroid gland
Effects:
Hot flashes/sweat, tachycardia (fast heartbeat), anxiety/nervousness, weight loss, tremors in hand, irritability, difficulty sleeping (restless), weakness, diarrhea
Goiter
Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Lack of iodine
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (more common autoimmune condition)
Grave’s disease (immune system produces a protein which stimulates the growth)
Can be found in normal, hypo, or hyper thyroid
Doesn’t mean it’s not working
Condition present causing the thyroid to grow abnormally
Parathyroid glands
2 parathyroid glands located on the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland
Secrete PTH- regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism (in blood stream / tissues depending on calcium)
PTH exerts its effects by:
-Increasing the release of calcium and phosphate from the bone (bone demineralization)
-Increasing the absorption of calcium and excretion of phosphate by the kidneys
-Promoting calcium absorption in the GI tract
Tells kidney, bones, and GI tract to provide more calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
1 or more PTH gland is overactive
Making too much PTH
Calcium levels in blood rise too high (thinning of bones and kidney stones)