The Geography of Food and Health Flashcards

Question

What is subsistence farming?

Answer 1

Products consumed by the cultivators

Answer 2

High inputs or yields per unit area

Answer 3

Low inputs or fields per unit area

Answer 4

Farmers moving seasonally with their herds

Answer 5

Farmers remaining in the same place all year

Answer 6

Physical: Climate (precipitation, temp) Soil (fertility, depth) Pests Slope Human: Political (land ownership, organization) Economic (farm size, technology) Social (culture, education)

Answer 7

Consider them modified ecosystems Show inputs, processes, outputs Can compare with productivity, biomass, energy efficiency

Answer 8

Measures amount of energy input compared to output Agro-forestry / hunter-gathering is higher than intensive pastoral farming Seen in nutrient-cycling diagrams and energy flows

Answer 9

Measure of how much water is used in human activities

Answer 10

FAD: food shortages from lack of food, less accepted FED: food shortages from lack of access Type of food consumed depends on price, health, taste; income / education influences choice

Answer 11

End of apartheid → more black Africans in urban areas → western diet → obesity / diabetes Perception of food varies by gender and age; income effects food quality

Answer 12

Subsidies negatively effected consumption Change after increased oil revenue Religion / preferences / discrimination Mass media and migration

Answer 13

Weight and calorie intake has increased Obesity levels higher in low-income families → financial health burden More food → more expensive → big industry Poor nutrition also causes stunting

Answer 14

Spread of a disease from the original source Frictional effect of distance / distance decay: closer places more and sooner effected Infectious disease is an S curve (time vs cumulative percentage of adopters)

Answer 15

Expanding disease has a source and diffuses geographically outwards

Answer 16

Spreading disease moves, leaving origin / source

Answer 17

Spreading disease through direct contact with infected individual

Answer 18

Spread through sequence of classes / places (city → large urban area → small urban area)

Answer 19

Disease spreads via transportation and social networks

Answer 20

Misquito-borne + sexual contact → relocation diffusion from travel in South America mostly Causes birth defects and neurological problems

Answer 21

Life-threatening, parasite transmitted by mosquito; high global risk Mosquito prefers humid tropics → agricultural areas and refugee camps from natural disasters or war Very expensive (global and individual) → prevention is cheaper Some people more at risk Prevention via vector control: insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying Insecticide and drug resistance is problematic

Answer 22

Waterborne disease via water, food, poop Usually not severe To occur must: breaches of water sanitation, present cholera High-risk for < 5, overcrowded camps of displaced people

Answer 23

Significant portion is malnourished Global population grows Climate change threaten production Food system itself contributes to climate change / env harm

Answer 24

Aims: eradicate hunger, food insecurity, malnutrition; eliminate poverty; sustainable use of natural resources; increase peoples’ resiliences to threats and crises

Answer 25

End global hunger via good assistance to poor and most vulnerable Objectives: save lives / livelihoods in emergencies; support food security and (re)build livelihoods after emergencies; reduce risk and promote self-sufficiency; reduce undernutrition and break generational hunger

Answer 26

Subsidized agriculture in high-income countries drives down global prices → maintain poverty in low-income countries Developing countries have created their own subsidies now Subsidies → overuse fertilizer / pesticide

Answer 27

1962: 1 market in EU, preferences to EU-grown products, financed by members System of guaranteed prices → self sufficient in many sector Led to intensification (increased inputs and outputs), concentration (specific product production confined to particular areas), specialization (specialize in concentration) Reformed in 1992 because of surpluses

Answer 28

Deliver food to those with insufficient access Mostly low- and middle-income countries

Answer 29

Objectives: Provide leadership on critical health matters and engage in partnership Shape research and cycle of knowledge Set standards and monitor implementation Ethical and evidence-based policy Building sustainable institution Assess and monitor health trends Many initiatives (tuberculosis, malaria, etc)

Answer 30

High-income: technology, curative, private Low-income: low-tech, preventative primary care Those who can access don't need it and vis-versa

Answer 31

Founded in 1971 to provide emergency medical aid Over 70 countries with mostly local medical experts and other professionals 90% funded by private donors, otherwise corporate Provides assistance in Sudan, Europe vaccination programs, malaria, etc

Answer 32

Adapting a global product to a local market

Answer 33

TNC "big food" is ultra-processed, unhealthy, and displacing traditional food systems Main interest is to make money Market penetration plateaued in high-income countries → "health'' convenience food Increasing market shares in LICs

Answer 34

Analyzes role of "lead firms" in global industries, interaction with local companies Countries are at different levels of connection to the world economy, linked in food production

Answer 35

McDonald's: 2000 introed regional dishes, salads, 2006 added nutritional info PepsiCo: Sabritas in Mexico with chili flavor, duck flavor in China

Answer 36

Traditional: varied diet (rice, beans, spices), home-cooked meals Lifestyle change (urbanization) → more convenience food Generally now is worse because of TNCs, more snack food

Answer 37

Men grow field crops Women grow, prepare, cook food and rear livestock Women ~half of food-production workforce in SE Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, often unpaid

Answer 38

Women are 60% of world's hungry Discrimination in education / employment and in households Less access to land, training, tech, finances, etc Tend to be responsible for food / children: equality → ending malnutrition Child's chance of survival increases 20% if mother controls budget

Answer 39

If women had the same resource access, yields increase 20-30% Women's education access effects family levels of nutrition Training women in hygiene and sanitation immediately improves household health Lack of land access → only subsistence farming Diseases → greater caretaking role → less time and energy for food Lack of financial services → limited food security and innovation Often denied selling produce to engage in cash economy

Answer 40

Women join workforce and act as caretakers at home General household, children, other dependents Impact of growth of elderly population is disproportionate to women "Sandwhich generation" cares for their children and parents US: women live longer, but less access to funds / pensions Reduce work hours, pass-up promotions, etc to care for others

Answer 41

Length / severity of drought Governance Media: attention to hazards, fundraising International aid Population growth: especially from refugees Unemployment and entitlement to food Civil unrest Access to land and production

Answer 42

Lots of famines, recently 2015-2016 when seasonal rains didn't tell > 18 million needed aid Early-warning system → govt made social-security net, diverted money for aid 90% reduction in yields; famine caused by industrial farming "land grabs" International donors distracted by Syria, still there are orgs helping

Answer 43

Increase production, reduce set-aside: high market prices → more production Food aid Seeds and fertilizer: plant for next season given high prices Export bans from countries with shortages

Answer 44

Free trade: reduce US subsidies and EU protectionism helps poor in the future; directly would increase prices in developing world Biofuels: food crisis causes backlash against plant-based fuels, still made though

Answer 45

Agricultural investment: African yields could increase fourfold with help GM crops Sustainability: rethink western lifestyles and expectations

Answer 46

Food insecurity effected by international trade, land scarcity, need to increase nutritional food, natural hazards, climate change Improved food security by increasing rice production with irrigation and high-yield varieties Investments in rice storage, cold-storage, transport Nationally it's gotten better but many people are still insecure

Answer 47

HICs: 1/3 thrown away, mostly from consumers LICs: 80% wasted before market, mostly at farming-producing end Efficient practices and storage → food reaches customers Supermarkets reject edible food bc of marketing standards More waste of fruits and veggies than grains Annual loss of 180 million tons

Answer 48

Adding traits to a plant to make it more nutritious or resistant to disease / pesticide > 90% of US corn, soy, cotton is GMO Herbicide tolerance doesn't increase yield or profit, weeds are easy Growth is slowing, one reason is saturation

Answer 49

Grow year-round in high-rise buildings Reduces transportation, any weather, no herb- or insecticide Japan is leading bc Fukushima Conserve water, soil-free, LEDs like sun Uses natural light, but lots of electricity

Answer 50

Cultured meat or synthetic meat Never been part of a living animal, grown in a lab, can add nutrients Extremely expensive Significantly fewer environmental impacts than normal beef Less land, fewer GHGs

Answer 51

Preventative: cheaper, policy / lifestyle reducing risk of disease Curative: expensive, treat diseases

Answer 52

Most have coordinated effort across global communities

Answer 53

Chronic, lifelong condition effecting all ages, races; causes other major issues Hormone insulin doesn't control blood-sugar levels like it should Some low-expenditure solutions (blood sugar / pressure control) in LICs More sophisticated care in HICs with lifestyle management Type II risk factors: obesity, physical inactivity, diet, increased affluence Large economic burden from direct medical costs, indirect costs (morbidity, productivity), intangible costs (reduced quality of life)