The Genesis of Science Flashcards
“Arabic” Science is called as such because it is
written in the ——-language.
arabic
Like Arabic philosophy, medieval Arabic science
was especially indebted to the legacy of the
———— world.
Greco-Hellenistic
The Greek works translated at the time include:
(in ————) Euclid’s Elements and the
works of Archimedes, (in ——–) Ptolemy’s
Almagest, and (in ———-) the works of Galen,
Hippocrates and Dioscorides.
mathematics
astronomy
medicine
Two communities that played a key part in the early
development of Arabic science – both as ——– and ————- – were the ‘———-’ of Harran and the ———- Christians of Iraq.
translators
authors
Sabaeans
Nestorian
The Sabaeans were a ——— community based in the
Eastern Anatolian city of ———-.
pagan
harran
Harran was a noted center
of ———- learning along with Alexandria.
Hellenistic
Sabaeans strongly influenced by the teachings of Pythagoras, they were skilled ————-.
mathematicians.
• The Sabaean —————– (836 – 901) translated
Archimedes’ The Sphere and the Cylinder into Arabic and wrote original works of his own.
Thābit ibn Qurrā’
The Nestorians, based chiefly in ———– (Persian
intellectual center dated back to the Sassanid Empire
prior to Islam), were renowned for their ———
knowledge – rooted in a thorough acquaintance with the Greco-Hellenistic medical tradition – and were favored ———- by the early ‘Abbasid caliphs and their ministers.
Jundi Shapur
medical
physicians
-------------------------------- known as Rhazes or Rasis after medieval Latinists (865-925), was a ---------- polymath, a prominent figure in Islamic ----------- Age, physician, alchemist and chemist, philosopher, and scholar
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Persian
Golden
• Numerous “firsts” in medical research, clinical care, and chemistry are attributed to------------, including being the first to differentiate smallpox from measles, and the discovery of numerous compounds and chemicals including -----------, -----------
Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
kerosene
alcohol
Ala’ al-Din Abu al-Hasan ‘Ali alDimashqi, known as ———-, was an
———– physician who is mostly famous for
being the first to describe the pulmonary
circulation of the blood.
Ibn al-Nafis
arab
Ibn al Nafis was born in 1213 in ———- and he
attended the Medical College Hospital
there.
Damascus
In 1236, Ibn al-Nafis moved to ——–. He
worked at the ———–Hospital, and
subsequently at the ————-Hospital,
where he became chief of physicians and
the Sultan’s personal physician
Egypt
al-Nasri
al-Mansouri
When Ibn al Nafis died in 1288, he donated his house, library, and clinic to the ———- Hospital.
Mansuriya
————- Khalaf ibn al-Abbas ————
(936–1013), also known in the West as ———-,
was an Arab physician who lived in ———-
Abu al-Qasim
Al-Zahrawi
Abulcasis
Al Andalus
Who is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to
have appeared from the Islamic World, and has
been described by many as the father of modern
surgery?
Abulcasis
Abu Al-Qasim’s greatest contribution to medicine is
the Kitab ———, a thirty-volume encyclopaedia of
medical practices.
al-Tasrif
His pioneering contributions to the field of
surgical procedures and instruments had an
enormous impact in the —— and ——- well into
the ——– period, where some of his discoveries
are still applied in medicine to this day.
east
west
modern
Abulcasis was the first physician to describe an ectopic
———-, and the first physician to identify the
hereditary nature of ———-
pregnancy
hemophilia
Ibn al-Jazzar (d. 984). Born in ———–
Modern Tunisia
Kairouan
Ibn Al-Jazzar was a Medical ———, ———–, and ———-
practitioner
therapist
author
who is mostly famous for
being the first to describe the pulmonary
circulation of the blood?
ibn al nafis
father of modern
surgery?
Abulcasis
Ibn al Jazzar was the foremost physician in the field
of ———–, which made him famous in
Andalus and the East, and Europe after
his work had been translated into Latin.
childcare
Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1040) known in Europe as “———” was born in Basrah (Iraq).
Alhazen
Who contributed to the study of optics in his book The Book of Optics
which includes new theory of vision, reflection, and refraction of light
and color?
Ibn Al Haytham (Al hazen)
He proved that rays of light travel in straight lines.
He was the first person to give clear description and early analysis of The camera obscure and pinhole. Who is he?
Ibn Al Haytham
Our modern number system is
called ————- in recognition
of its origins in the number systems
of ——–and ———-
Hindu-Arabic
India
Arabia
Our number system depends fundamentally on
the number —–, which was
invented by —– mathematicians.
zero
arab
A numeral is sometimes called a
——– (hence encipher, decipher) from
the Arabic word ——meaning zero.
cipher
sifr
Who is the father of alegbra and algorism?
Mohammad b. Musa al-Khawarizmi
What did Al-Khawarizmi write?
al-Jabr wal-Muqabalah
————– (d.
1131) was a Persian
polymath, philosopher,
mathematician, astronomer
and poet.
‘Umar al-Khayyām
Who wrote treatises on
mechanics, geography,
mineralogy, music, and
Islamic theology?
Umar al Khayyam
‘Umar al-Khayyām wrote the influential Treatise on ---------------------------- which developed the principles of algebra.
Demonstration of Problems of Algebra
Who derived general methods for
solving cubic equations and even
some higher orders?
Umar Al Khayyam
The Arabs were particularly interested in astronomy because they needed to ?
calculate the prayer time, determine the direction of prayer (qibla), and determine the monthly
calendar
Various centers of astronomical research in the Islamic world are in?
Baghdad, Cairo, Ghazna, Maragha, Samarkand
Caliph ———
ordered the preparation of these new astronomical tables known as —–
al-Ma’mun
Zij
The astronomical tables were based on computational instruments like ——— and ———–
astrolabes
quadrants
