Caliphal Succession: The al-Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates Flashcards
“hurub al-ridda” the apostasy wars. Which of the khulafa al rashideen?
Abu Bakr “al-siddiq”
futuhat - “the great conquests” Syria, Iraq and
Egypt. Which of the khulafa al rashideen?
‘Umar b. al-Khattab “al-faruq”
The compilation of the Quran
Futuhat - “the great conquests” Iran, North Africa
and Central Asia
Which of the khulafa al rashideen?
‘Uthman b. ‘Affan
fitna - “political strife/discord”. Which of the khulafa al rashideen?
‘Ali b. Abu Talib
The Umayyad dynasty
(Arabic: أمیة بنو Banu Umayya),
whose name derives from —————–, the great grandfather of ————–, was
the first dynastic ——- Caliphate
Umayyab. ‘Abd Shams
Mu‘awiyah I
Muslim
The Umayyad family (also known as the ————) and the Prophet Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, ————
Banu Abd-Shams
‘Abd Manaf
The Prophet descended from ‘Abd Manaf via his
son———–, while the Umayyads descended from
‘Abd Manaf via a different son, ‘————-,
whose son was Umayya.
Hashim
Abd Shams
The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the ———-).
Quraysh
Following Mu‘awiya’s death in 680, he was
succeeded by his son, ———.
Yazid I
The hereditary accession of Yazid was opposed
by a number of prominent Muslims, most
notably ‘———————– son of one
of the Companions of the Prophet, and
——————- grandson of the Prophet and
younger son of Ali. The resulting conflict is
known as the “—————”.
Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr
Husayn b. Ali,
Second fitna
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn fled —— for ———.
While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in ——- until his death,
Husayn decided to travel on to ——- to rally support.
However, an Umayyad army intercepted and routed his
party at the Battle of ————-
Medina Mecca Mecca Kufa Karbala
Yazid’s army lay siege to Mecca and at some point during the siege, the —— was badly damaged in a ——. The destruction of the Ka‘aba became a major cause for
censure of the ——– in later histories of the period.
Ka‘aba
fire
Umayyads
———- died while the siege was still in progress, and the
Umayyad army returned to ——–, leaving ———- in control of Mecca
Yazid
Damascus
Ibn alZubayr
Yazid was succeeded at first by his son, ————-
(683-84), but he seems never to have been
recognized as caliph outside of ——
Mu‘awiya II
Syria
—— factions developed within Syria: the
Confederation of —-, who supported Ibn alZubayr, and the ——-, who supported Marwan
(2AH-65AH), a descendant of Umayya via Wa’il b.
Umayya.
Two
Qays
Quda’a
The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a
battle at ———-, near Damascus, in 684, and
Marwan became ——- shortly thereafter.
Marj Rahit
caliph
Marwan’s first task was to assert his authority
against the rival claims of ———–, who was
at this time recognized as caliph throughout most
of the Islamic world.
Ibn al-Zubayr
Marwan recaptured ——- for
the Umayyads, but died in 685, having reigned for
only — months.
Egypt
nine
Marwan was succeeded by his son, ———–
(685-705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of
the caliphate
‘Abd al-Malik
In 691 Umayyad troops reconquered
- —, and in 692 the same army captured —–
- ——— was killed in the attack.
Iraq
Mecca
Ibn al-Zubayr
The second major event of the early reign of ----------- was the construction of the ----------- in Jerusalem.
‘Abd al-Malik
Dome of the Rock
‘Abd al-Malik is credited with centralizing the
———– of the caliphate, and with
establishing ——– as its official language. He also
introduced a uniquely Muslim ———-, marked by
its aniconic decoration, which supplanted the
—– and ———- coins that had previously
been in use
administration Arabic coinage Byzantine Sasanian
Following ‘Abd al-Malik’s death, his son, ———-
(705-15) became caliph.
al-Walid I
Al-Walid was also active as
a ——–, sponsoring the extension of ————– and the construction of the ——————
builder
al-masjid alnabawi in Medina
Great Mosque of Damascus.
A major figure during the reigns of
both al-Walid and ‘Abd al-Malik was
the Umayyad governor of —————-
Iraq, alHajjaj b. Yusuf
Many Iraqis remained resistant to Umayyad rule, and al-Hajjaj imported Syrian troops to maintain order, whom he housed in a new garrison town, --------
Wasit
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by
——— expansion and by the ——— and —— problems that such expansion
created.
territorial
administrative
cultural
Despite some notable exceptions, the
Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the —
Arab families, and in particular their own, over
those of newly converted Muslims (——).
Therefore they held to a —- universalist
conception of Islam than did many of their
rivals.
old
mawali
less
According to one common view, the Umayyads
transformed the caliphate from a ———
institution (during the rashidun) to a———-
one.
religious
dynastic
However, one of the greatest Caliphs ever to
rule the Muslim empire was an Umayyad,
namely, ———————-. His piety,
justice, righteousness earned him the title “————”
Omar ibn Anbdul-Aziz
the 5th Rightly Guided Caliph
Umayyad Caliphate falls in —
750
Non Arab converts resented ————
inequality
Arabs of Iraq resented ——— influence in political
affairs
Syrian
Pious Muslims felt that the Umayyad Caliphs were
————– enough
not religious
——– and ——— attacked Umayyad family’s
legitimacy.
Kharjites
Shiites
Constant rebellions and calls for a member of the
Prophet’s family (——– not Ali) brought down the
Umayyads. However, one branch escapes to
——— and establishes Umayyad rule there).
Abbas
Spain
