Caliphal Succession: The al-Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates

Question 1

“hurub al-ridda” the apostasy wars. Which of the khulafa al rashideen?

Answer 1

Abu Bakr “al-siddiq”

Question 2

futuhat - “the great conquests” Syria, Iraq and

Egypt. Which of the khulafa al rashideen?

Answer 2

‘Umar b. al-Khattab “al-faruq”

Question 3

The compilation of the Quran
Futuhat - “the great conquests” Iran, North Africa
and Central Asia
Which of the khulafa al rashideen?

Answer 3

‘Uthman b. ‘Affan

Question 4

fitna - “political strife/discord”. Which of the khulafa al rashideen?

Answer 4

‘Ali b. Abu Talib

Question 5

The Umayyad dynasty
(Arabic: أمیة بنو Banu Umayya),
whose name derives from —————–, the great grandfather of ————–, was
the first dynastic ——- Caliphate

Answer 5

Umayyab. ‘Abd Shams
Mu‘awiyah I
Muslim

Question 6

The Umayyad family (also known as the ————) and the Prophet Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, ————

Answer 6

Banu Abd-Shams

‘Abd Manaf

Question 7

The Prophet descended from ‘Abd Manaf via his
son———–, while the Umayyads descended from
‘Abd Manaf via a different son, ‘————-,
whose son was Umayya.

Answer 7

Hashim

Abd Shams

Question 8

The two families are therefore considered to be different clans (those of Hashim and of Umayya, respectively) of the same tribe (that of the ———-).

Answer 8

Quraysh

Question 9

Following Mu‘awiya’s death in 680, he was

succeeded by his son, ———.

Answer 9

Yazid I

Question 10

The hereditary accession of Yazid was opposed
by a number of prominent Muslims, most
notably ‘———————– son of one
of the Companions of the Prophet, and
——————- grandson of the Prophet and
younger son of Ali. The resulting conflict is
known as the “—————”.

Answer 10

Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr
Husayn b. Ali,
Second fitna

Question 11

In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn fled —— for ———.
While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in ——- until his death,
Husayn decided to travel on to ——- to rally support.
However, an Umayyad army intercepted and routed his
party at the Battle of ————-

Answer 11

Medina
Mecca
Mecca
Kufa
Karbala

Question 12

Yazid’s army lay siege to Mecca and at some point during the siege, the —— was badly damaged in a ——. The destruction of the Ka‘aba became a major cause for
censure of the ——– in later histories of the period.

Answer 12

Ka‘aba
fire
Umayyads

Question 13

———- died while the siege was still in progress, and the
Umayyad army returned to ——–, leaving ———- in control of Mecca

Answer 13

Yazid
Damascus
Ibn alZubayr

Question 14

Yazid was succeeded at first by his son, ————-
(683-84), but he seems never to have been
recognized as caliph outside of ——

Answer 14

Mu‘awiya II

Syria

Question 15

—— factions developed within Syria: the
Confederation of —-, who supported Ibn alZubayr, and the ——-, who supported Marwan
(2AH-65AH), a descendant of Umayya via Wa’il b.
Umayya.

Answer 15

Two
Qays
Quda’a

Question 16

The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a
battle at ———-, near Damascus, in 684, and
Marwan became ——- shortly thereafter.

Answer 16

Marj Rahit

caliph

Question 17

Marwan’s first task was to assert his authority
against the rival claims of ———–, who was
at this time recognized as caliph throughout most
of the Islamic world.

Answer 17

Ibn al-Zubayr

Question 18

Marwan recaptured ——- for
the Umayyads, but died in 685, having reigned for
only — months.

Answer 18

Egypt

nine

Question 19

Marwan was succeeded by his son, ———–
(685-705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of
the caliphate

Answer 19

‘Abd al-Malik

Question 20

In 691 Umayyad troops reconquered

• —, and in 692 the same army captured —–
• ——— was killed in the attack.

Answer 20

Iraq
Mecca
Ibn al-Zubayr

Question 21

The second
major event of
the early reign of
----------- was
the construction
of the ----------- in
Jerusalem.

Answer 21

‘Abd al-Malik

Dome of the Rock

Question 22

‘Abd al-Malik is credited with centralizing the
———– of the caliphate, and with
establishing ——– as its official language. He also
introduced a uniquely Muslim ———-, marked by
its aniconic decoration, which supplanted the
—– and ———- coins that had previously
been in use

Answer 22

administration
Arabic
coinage
Byzantine
Sasanian

Question 23

Following ‘Abd al-Malik’s death, his son, ———-

(705-15) became caliph.

Answer 23

al-Walid I

Question 24

Al-Walid was also active as

a ——–, sponsoring the extension of ————– and the construction of the ——————

Answer 24

builder
al-masjid alnabawi in Medina
Great Mosque of Damascus.

Question 25

A major figure during the reigns of
both al-Walid and ‘Abd al-Malik was
the Umayyad governor of —————-

Answer 25

Iraq, alHajjaj b. Yusuf

Question 26

Many Iraqis remained
resistant to Umayyad rule, and al-Hajjaj
imported Syrian troops to maintain
order, whom he housed in a new
garrison town, --------

Answer 26

Wasit

Question 27

The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by
——— expansion and by the ——— and —— problems that such expansion
created.

Answer 27

territorial
administrative
cultural

Question 28

Despite some notable exceptions, the
Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the —
Arab families, and in particular their own, over
those of newly converted Muslims (——).
Therefore they held to a —- universalist
conception of Islam than did many of their
rivals.

Answer 28

old
mawali
less

Question 29

According to one common view, the Umayyads
transformed the caliphate from a ———
institution (during the rashidun) to a———-
one.

Answer 29

religious

dynastic

Question 30

However, one of the greatest Caliphs ever to
rule the Muslim empire was an Umayyad,
namely, ———————-. His piety,
justice, righteousness earned him the title “————”

Answer 30

Omar ibn Anbdul-Aziz

the 5th Rightly Guided Caliph

Question 31

Umayyad Caliphate falls in —

Answer 31

750

Question 32

Non Arab converts resented ————

Answer 32

inequality

Question 33

Arabs of Iraq resented ——— influence in political

affairs

Answer 33

Syrian

Question 34

Pious Muslims felt that the Umayyad Caliphs were

————– enough

Answer 34

not religious

Question 35

——– and ——— attacked Umayyad family’s

legitimacy.

Answer 35

Kharjites

Shiites

Question 36

Constant rebellions and calls for a member of the
Prophet’s family (——– not Ali) brought down the
Umayyads. However, one branch escapes to
——— and establishes Umayyad rule there).

Answer 36

Abbas

Spain