The Gastrointestinal System

Question 1

Define digestion

Answer 1

breakdown of foods
mechanical and chemical

Question 2

the four layers of the alimentary canal

Answer 2

mucosa (surface epithelium)

submucosa (glands, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves)

adventitia (muscular layer = movement)

serosa (serous fluid that protects underlying tissue)

Question 3

secretion

Answer 3

release of water, acids, buffers, enzymes, salts

Question 4

absorption

Answer 4

movement of organic substrates into the interstitial fluid

Question 5

excretion

Answer 5

removal of waste products

Question 6

propelling movements of the digestive tract

Answer 6

segmentation (small intestine)
peristalsis

Question 7

three types of salivary glands

Answer 7

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 8

folds of the stomach

Answer 8

rugae

Question 9

where does protein digestion begin?

Answer 9

stomach

Question 10

regions of the stomach

Answer 10

cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions

Question 11

what is chyme?

Answer 11

semiliquid mass

digested food (broken down and mixed with digestive juices)

Question 12

parietal cells

Answer 12

found in stomach
hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor (absorbs vitamin B12)

Question 13

pernicious anemia

Answer 13

condition where parietal cells are attacked and intrinsic factor is not made

cannot absorb vitamin B12, an important requirement in red blood cells

Question 14

chief cells

Answer 14

found in stomach

pepsinogen -> pepsin

Question 15

endocrine cells

Answer 15

found in stomach

gastrin (movement of stomach)
secretin (stimulates secretions)

Question 16

this hormone stimulates production of pancreatic secretions and gallbladder contractions

Answer 16

cholecystokinin

Question 17

gastric inhibitory peptide

Answer 17

hormone that inhibits both gastric secretion and motility

Question 18

three portions of small intestine

Answer 18

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

Question 19

goblet cells

Answer 19

produce protective mucus lining

Question 20

beginning portion of large intestine

Answer 20

cecum

Question 21

four portions of colon or large intestine

Answer 21

ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon

Question 22

rectum

Answer 22

strate muscular tube that ends at anus
stores stool

Question 23

anal canal

Answer 23

very short
sphincters = internal and external for defecating

Question 24

bile

Answer 24

made by liver
stored by gallbladder
cholecystokinin releases bile to small intestine

Question 25

solid abdominal organs

Answer 25

pancreas
spleen
liver

Question 26

spleen function

Answer 26

removes old blood cells from circulation
white blood cells in spleen fights infection

Question 27

pancreas function

Answer 27

makes insulin, glucagon and digestive enzymes

Question 28

pancreatic digestive enzymes

Answer 28

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase (digest proteins)

lipase (digest fats)

amylase (digest starches)