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Machiavelli > 'The French War of Religion and the Rise of Absolutism' (Week 9) > Flashcards

'The French War of Religion and the Rise of Absolutism' (Week 9) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of state?

A

Absolutise State
Corporative State
Feudal State

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2
Q

What is an absolutist state?

A

monarchs power theoretically unlimited

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3
Q

what did this replace

A

the corporative state - monarchs power limited by institutions

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4
Q

what did this replace

A

the feudal state

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5
Q

What was a typical institution functioning in a cooperative state?

A

the Estates - which might assemble under a different name in different jurisdictions.

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6
Q

Give examples of these in different countries:

A

Parliament in England
Estates-General in France
Diet in Holy Roman Empire
Cortes in Spain

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7
Q

Give an example of two absolute monarchs:

A

Louis XIV of France (1638-1715)
Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia (1620-1688)

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8
Q

Why was absolutism common in France?

A

was a product of the French rules of religion

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9
Q

What were the people like in France in relation to power?

A

wasn’t just the kings pushing for absolutist power - people also pushed for it - divine right of kings - wanted this as a fundamental law of France - wanted this to be formally recognised.

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10
Q

How powerful were cooperative states?

A

The power it had to control the monarchy varied state to state

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11
Q

How was England an moderate cooperative state?

A

parliament set up - no taxation without consent - peoples way to bargain what they want

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12
Q

How can French coronations be characterised?

A

They had a special nature - scared character to the coronation.

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13
Q

What were the two oaths of the French coronation?

A

Ecclesisatical Oath
Oath of the Kingdom

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14
Q

In summary what did these oblige a King to commit to?

A

promise in the name of God to properly rule the kingdom

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15
Q

What did they have to maintain?

A

doctrinal orthodoxy - which explains the French intervention in the revolution whilst protestant ideas were circulating in France.

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16
Q

In what Church was there lots of corruption?

A

Gallican Church

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17
Q

Why can it be characterised as corrupt?

A

Of 129 Bishops appointed by King Francis III, 102 of them were either princes of the royal blood or members of the aristocratic houses - some of which weren’t either ordained.

Lots of corruption and anticlericalism with a lack of direction from upper Church - poor shape.

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18
Q

Before Luther were there attempts to clean up the Church?

A

Yes - pre-reform:

not protestant but are often humanists inspired by people like Erasmus - Catholics inspired by classical knowledge

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19
Q

Who is a key player?

A

Jacques Lefèvre d’Etaples

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20
Q

Who is this?

A

famous Renaissance humaniste in terms of Biblical scholarship.

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21
Q

Did this moment of pre-reform have any royal patronage?

A

it did:

French kings sister and became Queen of Navarre - Marguerite d’Angouleme (1492-1449) Queen of Navarre … - Navarre is very important to this whole story.

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22
Q

Where did the group of pre reform figures meet?

A

In Meaux

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23
Q

Why were the Meaux group of pre-reformers dispersed?

A

they come under attack from the authorities which is legitimised by the theology faculty of University of paris that condemns them as heretics.

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24
Q

Who is William Farel

A

a man part of this group - who leaves France and goes to Geneva where he becomes an important influence on Calvin

25
Q

How do we know that Protestants were circulating in France?

A

in 1534 - episode: affair of the placards - anonymous protestants produced a poster that was a denunciation of the mass attacking transubstantiation and the repeated sacrifice which were put up across Paris

26
Q

How did the King respond to this?

A

as particularly taken back because one was pinned up against his door - so decided to clamp down on these ideas - these were not religious problems but also a problem for the state.

27
Q

Why were they a threat to him?

A

these protestants were considered rebels against royal authority - as well as heretics against religion

28
Q

How did he deal with this?

A

1540 jurisdiction over prosecuting heresy was transferred to secular Kings court
The King of France is taking this issue into his control in an attempt to police it and escapate Protestant heresy.

29
Q

How did this affect Calvins work?

A

This was all happening before Calvin made his impact but he was affected by the affair of the placards of 1534, had to flee France, went to Basil in Switzerland and whilst there he published his first book: ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion’ went through 4 editions between 1536-1559, this systemisation of Christian tradition

30
Q

Where was Calvin expelled from and where did he move to?

A

was expelled from Geneva because people saw his movement as a threat so he went to Strasburg where he was heavily influenced by Martin Buster who was influenced by Luther

31
Q

Whilst Calvin was in Strasberg what was happening in Geneva?

A

Whilst in Strasburg - Geneva having a movement of its own - citizens take over and it becomes a city state. Outside of confederation.

32
Q

After the citizens had reformed Geneva what did the people do?

A

hey invited Calvin back to the transformed Genca - in around 1539-40. He stayed there until his death in 1544 where he attracted followers from other areas. Geneva became a place of advanced protestant theology. Geneva heart of the ‘second reformation’ where the inspiration came from Calvin

33
Q

What did Calvinist Presbyterian Church suggest about the structure?

A

He suggests a new structure for the Church:
up till now the tradition is a system of governance from the top down: archbishops - bishops …

34
Q

Why did he reject this though?

A

the office of bishop is unbiblical

35
Q

What did he suggest instead?

A
  • should create a more authentic government structure for the Church - bottom up of representative institutions
36
Q

What were these four roles he separated out?

A

Pastor
Teacher
Deacon
Elder

37
Q

What was the role of each of these?

A

Pastor - preaching and administering sacraments
Teacher - Christian education
Deacon - care of the poor and sick
Elder - supervision and discipline

38
Q

As Calvins ideas were spreading who were the people following him?

A

The region called the Midi was the heartland of French Calvinism. Huguenots were to be found in significant numbers in: Dauphine, Guyenne, Languedoc, Provence
Calvin’s ideas spreading to France and they were called Huguenots

39
Q

How did Henry II (1519-1559), King of France (1547-1559) respond to all of this?

A

In 1551 he issued the Edict of Chateuabriant, which was a comprehensive ban on Protestantism in France.

40
Q

However, why is his impact limited?

A

However he died suddenly after a jousting accident, leaving an under-age heir
This was a disaster for the French monarchy because he left four underage sons.

41
Q

Who was he succeeded by?

A

Was succeeded by Francis II

42
Q

Why is the the original King’s line of dynasty so important.

A

Were just these remaining sons of the deceased kings - if anything were to happen to this main line then the French crown would switch to a side branch of the Bourbons - who had become Calvinists.

43
Q

Who was Henry, Duke of Guise (1550-1558)?

A

example of reaction from th other side - founded the catholic league and was assassinated in 1588

44
Q

After the jousting accident what was the state of the French monarchy like?

A

weak

45
Q

Who was Catherine de Medici?

A

influential in power politics of French court
She was the widow of Henry II (reigned 1547-59)
and the mother of other kINGS

46
Q

What did she organise in 1561?

A

Colloquy of Quasi which was an attempt between Catholic majority and Protestant minority - whatever concessions that were granted were not accepted by the Guise family or the large Catholic majority.

47
Q

How did the Duke of Guise respond to the movements?

A

ook it upon himself to try and extirpate the Hugeounts who he claimed were disobeying the concessions given to them and rules given to them. There was a massacre perpetrated by him in Vassy after the Colloquy of Quasi in 1561.

48
Q

What happened in 1572?

A

St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

49
Q

What happened here?

A

Number of Huguenots were in the vicinity of Paris to attend a wedding, Bourbon family members were marrying into the French royal family.

50
Q

Where did the attack supposedly come from?

A

Made a preemptive attack on them - not clear where order came from but was given in the presence of the Queen mother and Charles IX - order was to assassinate leading Hugeonuts. The worst bloodbath of all was this one.

51
Q

What was the impact of this attack?

A

This Catholic attack on Protestants - this slaughter on innocent people on grounds of conscience sent shockwaves across Western Europe - for generations it blacked Catholicism and the name of Catholics who were then perceived to be tyrannical

52
Q

How did this impact international relations?

A

It was a brutal and politicised religion even more than it had been already. Deeply affects international relations - England had just entered alliance before the Massacre - danger of this collapsing.

53
Q

How did this change things?

A

This massacre was a major turning point in galvanising protestant resistance against the bloodthirsty tyrannical authorities.

54
Q

What did protestant political thinkers produce in response to this chaos?

A

literature denouncing the tyranny of the French monarchy in attempts to argue the right of resistance.

55
Q

Who produced a major work articulating this?

A

A major work articulating this was by Baza - became important theologian in Geneva after Calvin died - 1574: ‘On the Right of Magistrates over their Subjects’

56
Q

What was the main argument of all of this literature?

A

the sovereignty resides with the people - which they can bestow in the King - if the King breaks the oaths and becomes tyrannical then the condition is broken and people can withdraw their obedience. What is given to the King can be taken away.

57
Q

Why is this so threatening to the French government?

A

because it is spreading across Europe translated into different languages. This is a milestone in the development of political thought.

58
Q
A

Machiavelli (15 decks)

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