The Fourth Crusade and relations with Byzantium Flashcards
Which city did the Ayyubid al-Aziz attempt to take from his brother al-Afdal in 1194 and 1195?
Damascus
Which German Emperor launched the German Crusade of 1197 but died in September 1197 before he could join it?
Henry VI
Which ruler of Jerusalem died in September 1197 after accidentally falling from a window?
Henry of Champagne
Who was Saladin’s brother that by 1197 had started to achieve prominence over the other surviving Ayyubids?
al-Adil
Along with Sidon, which port was captured by the German Crusade of 1197 in September 1197?
Beirut
Which Frankish city was captured by al-Adil during the German Crusade of 1197?
Jaffa
Which kingdom did Queen Isabella of Jerusalem’s fourth husband Aimery (from 1198) also rule?
Cyprus
Which new pope from January 1198 was highly ambitious and determined to assert papal leadership of crusading?
Innocent III
Which papal bull did Pope Innocent III use to launch the Fourth Crusade on 15 August 1198?
Post Miserabile
Who was the charismatic preacher recruited by Innocent III to gather support for the Fourth Crusade?
Fulk of Neuilly
Who was the papal legate sent to Venice to secure naval support and transportation for the Fourth Crusade?
Soffredo
At which castle did senior French lords met in November 1199, where they pledged to go on a crusade?
Ecry-sur-Aisne
Whose unexpected death in 1199 released many of his nobles to participate in the Fourth Crusade?
Richard I
Who was the first leader of the crusade and brother of Henry of Champagne, the former king of Jerusalem?
Theobald of Champagne
Which cousin of Theobald of Champagne took the cross with him at Ecry in November 1199?
Louis of Blois
Which rich, powerful noble in Europe whose family had a long crusading pedigree joined the crusade shortly after Ecry?
Baldwin of Flanders
What term is used to describe the social ties/obligations of some Latin noble families to crusade like their forefathers?
crusading pedigrees
What was the secretly agreed initial target of the Fourth Crusade in order to make Jerusalem secure?
Egypt
Which city-state offered transportation and supplies for 33,500 knights, squires and footsoldiers?
Venice
How much did the French Fourth crusade negotiators agree would be paid under the April 1201 Treaty of Venice?
85,000 marks
How many war galleys did the Venetians offer to aid the Fourth Crusade in return for an equal share of any loot?
Fifty
How many of the expected 33,500 crusaders had arrived by Autumn 1202?
c.12,000
Despite huge financial sacrifices how much was still owed by the crusaders to the Venetians by late Autumn 1202?
c.34,000 marks
Which Christian city did the Venetians ask the crusade to capture for them in return for extending them a loan?
Zara
Which papal legate refused to condone the diversion to Zara and did not accompany them there?
Peter Capuano
Which blind, elderly, and clever Doge of Venice took the cross (after the crusade was diverted to Zara) in September 1202?
Enrico Dandalo
Which brother of Conrad led the Fourth Crusade from August 1201 after Theobald’s death?
Boniface of Montferrat
The leader of which faction opposed to attacking Zara sought to undermine Dandalo’s negotiations in November 1202?
Simon de Montfort
What, held by abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay, forbade the Fourth Crusaders to attack Zara under threat of excommunication?
papal letter
When did Zara fall to the Fourth Crusade (and was then ransacked)?
24 November 1202
When did Boniface of Montferrat rejoin the Fourth Crusade to discuss Prince Alexius’s offer having missed the attack on Zara?
December 1202
Which element of the Fourth crusade was excommunicated for a lack of penance regarding the attack on Zara?
Venetians
Who offered to pay 200,000 marks (among other things) to divert the Fourth crusade to Constantinople?
Prince Alexius (IV)
Which claimant to be German Emperor supported his brother-in-law Alexius Angelus in diverting the Fourth Crusade?
Philip of Swabia
When, possibly prompting revenge, had Venetians and their possessions been seized throughout the Byzantine Empire?
1171
Which usurper was removed from the Byzantine throne with crusader support in July 1203?
Alexius III
Which French negotiator and participant wrote an account of the Fourth Crusade?
Geoffrey of Villehardouin
Who opposed diversion to Constantinople, was sent to Outremer to explain the delay and did not speedily return?
Renaud de Montmirail
Who led a Flemish fleet that rejected the proposed diversion to Constantinople and sailed to Outremer?
John of Nesles
Where did the Fourth Crusade arrive in May 1203, encounter resistance to Alexius and face massive internal division?
Corfu
By which crusader deadline was it clear that Alexius IV could not pay all that he had promised them?
September 1203
Until when did Alexius IV ask the Fourth Crusade to stay at Constantinople after failing to fully pay them?
March 1204
When did crusader relations with Alexius IV collapse despite his previous promises to pay them?
December 1203
Who was deposed in a place coup in January 1204 and then murdered in February 1204?
Alexius IV
What did Latin priests claim the Greeks were, therefore justifying the attack in April 1204 (violating Innocent III’s wishes)?
schismatics
Which Byzantine usurper fled Constantinople just before the Fourth Crusade successfully attacked on 12-13 April 1204?
Alexius V
Which city took three entire days for the Fourth crusade to sack in mid-April 1204?
Constantinople
What was the total estimated amount looted from Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204?
c. 800,000 silver marks
Who was one of the nobles of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?
Stephen of Perche
Which territories were conquered by the Fourth Crusade and diverted future crusading away from Outremer?
Frankish Greece
Which battle in 1176 destroyed the Byzantine army of Emperor Manuel I?
Myriocephalum
When, possibly prompting revenge, had Latin merchants been massacred in Constantinople?
1182
When did the pro-Frankish Emperor Manuel I die?
1180
Who was the unpopular Latin mother and regent for Alexius II in the years 1180 to 1182?
Maria of Antioch
Who seized the Byzantine throne in 1183 and had Alexius II murdered?
Andronicus I
Which prominent Latin nobleman was murdered in the Byzantine power struggle in 1183?
Renier of Montferrat
Hostility to which group was stirred up by Andronicus I to maintain his grip on power?
Latins
Who invaded Byzantium in 1185 and sacked Thessalonica?
William II of Sicily
Who seized the Byzantine throne and killed Andronicus I in September 1185?
Isaac II Angelus
Who did Isaac II seemingly forge an alliance with out of fear of his power?
Saladin
Whose forces did Isaac II attempt to hinder during the Third Crusade?
Frederick I of Germany
Which Byzantine city did Frederick I seize in 1189 in retaliation for Isaac II’s acts against him?
Philippopolis
Where were Frederick I’s ambassadors incarcerated by Isaac II in 1189?
Constantinople
What had declined to only thirty galleys by 1196?
Byzantine navy
A failing war with which country between 1190 and 1195 led Isaac II’s brother Alexius III to overthrow him in 1195?
Bulgaria
Who offered to pay 200,000 marks to divert the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople?
Prince Alexius
When did the Fourth crusaders successfully capture Constantinople for their ally, removing Alexius III?
July 1203
What was made worse by the 1204 sack of Constantinople?
Great Schism
When did Manuel I arrest all Venetians in the Byzantine Empire and confiscate their property?
March 1171
When Doge Michiel return to Venice with the fleet remnants after being defeated in the Byzantine-Venetian War?
May 1172
When did the Venetians sign a treaty with Norman Sicily in an attempt to force Byzantines to improve relations?
1175
Which Venetian ambassador negotiated the return of the Venetians to Constantinople in the years 1182 to 1184?
Enrico Dandalo
Along with the release of all prisoners what Byzantine compensation was arranged by 1184 for Venice for their losses from 1171?
1,500 pounds of gold
In what year was the Venetian quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?
1189
In what year was the Pisan quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?
1192
Whose trade privileges were greatly extended by Alexius III in 1197, giving the impression that he was partisan to them?
Pisa
What percentage of her losses from 1171 had Venice been compensated for in reparations payments by 1203?
Eighty-five
In what year had Alexius I originally granted the Venetians huge trade privileges in return for aid against the Normans?
1082
Which Byzantine emperor had attempted to revoke the privileges of Venice in the 1120s but had been humiliated?
John II
When did a Greek mob attack Latin merchants in Constantinople driving the Pisans into supporting the Fourth Crusade?
18 August 1203
When did a war break out between between Pisa and Genoa that spread to Constantinople where 1,000 Pisans (with Venetians and Greeks) attacked the 300 Genoese?
Summer 1162
In what year did Pisa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Alexius I?
1111
In what year did Genoa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Manuel I?
1155
