The four articles we don't learn anywhere else

Question 1

What did Darwin think were the two functions of emotion expression?

Answer 1

1. Preparing the organism to respond adaptively to environmentally recurrent stimuli.
2. Communicating social information.

Question 2

What are the two stage model of emotion-expression evolution?

Answer 2

It is a emotion-expression model with the two functions: adaption (emotion expressions for physiological regulation) and exaptation (emotion expressions for social communication).

Question 3

What is “adaption” in the two stage model of emotion-expression evolution?

Answer 3

For example, that the widened eyes of individuals instructed to pose a fearful facial expression were found to increase the scope of their visual field and the speed of their eye movements, allowing expressers to better identify objects in the periphery.

Question 4

What is “exaptation” in the two stage model of emotion-expression evolution?

Answer 4

Emotion expressions began as cues – providing information about internal states but not existing for that reason – but eventually transformed, in both form and function, to become signals.

Question 5

What is the first law of behavior genetics?

Answer 5

All human behavioral traits are heritable.

Question 6

What is the second law of behavior genetics?

Answer 6

The effect of being raised in the same family is smaller than the effect of genes

Question 7

What is the third law of behavior genetics?

Answer 7

A substantial portion of the variation in complex human behavioral traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or families.

Question 8

What is behavior genetics the study of?

Answer 8

The study of the manner in which genetic variation affects physiological phenotypes (traits).

Question 9

What is the fourth law of behavior genetics?

Answer 9

A typical human behavioral trait is associated with very many genetic variants, each of which accounts for a very small percentage of the behavioral variability.

Question 10

What does a stronger relationship between genetic and phenotypic similarity imply?

Answer 10

A greater influence of the measured SNPs on the trait of interest.

Question 11

What does “population stratification” mean?

Answer 11

If a SNP is more common in individuals of a certain ancestry or region, then it may falsely appear that the SNP is associated with a trait when the trait is actually associated with a pattern of ancestry or region of origin.

Question 12

Is there one gene that are for one complex trait or another?

Answer 12

NO! Most genetic variability in behaviour between individuals is attributable to genetic differences that are each
responsible for very small behavioral differences.

Question 13

What is politics designed to solve?

Answer 13

The coordination problems that emerge from group living.

Question 14

What are stronger males more likely to do in politics?

Answer 14

Stronger males are more likely to solve international conflicts of interests with war, more likely to advocate for policies that favor their own group, and more likely to support policies that are aligned with their economic self-interest.

Question 15

What is the key tool for political power?

Answer 15

To form and join coalitions (alliance) with others.

Question 16

How can a coalition without a competent leader affect the status of the party?

Answer 16

This is a weak coalition and could down regulate the assessed status of the party in the eyes of the in-group, out-group, and those inaffiliated.

Question 17

What can happen after negative campaigning?

Answer 17

Negative campaigning can backfire and lead supporters to rally around their candidate in anger.

Question 18

What shall human leaders exchange for power and privileged access?

Answer 18

They’re expected to coordinate solutions to collective problems of the coalitions.

Question 19

Why do leaders need to cater to the interests of the followers or be overthrown?

Answer 19

Humans can readily form coalitions and engage in coalitional action – therefore, no individual would ancestrally have been able to completely dominate a collective of individuals.

Question 20

What is voting equivalent to?

Answer 20

Voting is essentially a coalitional action and equivalent to taking sides in a competition.

Question 21

When will people view political authority as legitimate?

Answer 21

When the leaders pursue the follower’s interest.

Question 22

Where are stable democracies more likely to appear?

Answer 22

Resourceful countries with low rather than high levels of ethnic heterogeneity, suggesting that people primarily accept political authority that benefits their own ethnic coalition.

Question 23

What will happen if politicians’ personal choices are at odds with their political positions?

Answer 23

People will outrage!

Question 24

What are one of the strongest predictors of vote choice in modern elections?

Answer 24

Perceptions of the competence of political candidates.

Question 25

What do people perceive low-pitched voices as?

Answer 25

Indicative of physical prowess and strenght.

Question 26

Do people favor features that ancestrally would have increased the leader’s ability to solve the problems facing the coalition?

Answer 26

YES!

Question 27

Which leader do people prefer in times of war?

Answer 27

A leader with masculine, dominance-related physical traits.

Question 28

Which leader do people prefer in times of peace?

Answer 28

Competent-looking, feminine individuals.

Question 29

What do modern-day politicians use persuasion to?

Answer 29

To promote their policies, and that information communicated by media and political elites can induce opinion change among the public.

Question 30

What are two persuasion strategies?

Answer 30

Framing and moralization.

Question 31

What is the persuasions strategy “framing”?

Answer 31

Framing seeks to flood the working memory of the receiver with those features that would generate support for the promoted rule by emphasizing certain features at the expense of other features of a decision situation.

Question 32

What is the persuasion strategy “moralization”?

Answer 32

The task when moralizing is to remove the self-interest from the argumentation and broadcast information that makes the rule a likely coordination point for the entire collective.