Lecture 18

Question 1

What is the “proximity-attraction principle”?

Answer 1

We tend to choose those individuals who we affiliate with. We chose the people from those nearby.

Question 2

What is “functional distance” and how does it affect new relations?

Answer 2

It affects how often you run into someone and therefore, how often you interact with that person.

Question 3

What is the “mere exposure effect”?

Answer 3

Merely being exposed to people’s face will make you like them. Liking of the person in the photograph increased with the number of exposures to the face.

Question 4

What is “nonverbal mimicry”?

Answer 4

Whatever the confederate had been told to do - the participant did mimic the behaviour. In another study, when the confederate copied the participant’s movements, the participant liked the confederate more and rated interaction as smoother.

Question 5

What is “likeness begets liking”?

Answer 5

New students strongly assorted into friend groups based on similar values and interests. It helps if you perceive to be alike even though you aren’t really alike.

Question 6

What is “self-disclosure”?

Answer 6

Revealing intimate details of one’s life. Self-disclosure increases liking. You can form significant relationships based on self-disclosure.

Question 7

What experiences affect whether one will feel attraction for another person?

Answer 7

Familiarity, misattribution of arousal and social comparison.

Question 8

What is the term “misattribution of arousal”?

Answer 8

o People seemed to be more attracted/open to new people they met on a high nerve ragging bridge. This can be explained by that people were aroused by walking on the bridge. But the misinterpret the arousal and gave the new person the reason why and not the risky situation that the person was in.

Question 9

What is “social comparison”?

Answer 9

Men were less attracted to women after they had seen a movie with pretty/attractive women in.

Question 10

What is Kinsey’s scale?

Answer 10

Sexual arousal as a function of self-reported sexual orientation.
People differ in degree rather than kind. Those on the left edge are exclusively heterosexual – those on the right as exclusively homosexual.

Sexual contact and sexual desire one have with same sex versus opposite sex person is how the scales run from one end to the other.

Question 11

What are the issues with measuring people on the Kinsey’s scale via self-report behavior?

Answer 11

o A lot of reasons why people would lie, or they would feel negative about themselves.
o Will show how the behavioral conditions have affected your sexual behaviour even though it isn’t your normally sexual orientation (for example, when people go to prison).

Question 12

What are the issues with measuring people on the Kinsey’s scale via self-report attraction?

Answer 12

The same as self-report behavior.

Question 13

What are the issues with measuring people on the Kinsey’s scale via experimentally measured arousal?

Answer 13

It is not objective measurement that privileges sexual arousal pattern as the meaning of sexual orientation.

Question 14

What is the relation between males with a higher number of brothers and homosexuality?

Answer 14

These have higher than average incidents of homosexuality.

Question 15

Why is there a relation between number of older brothers and homosexuality?

Answer 15

The challenges of being pregnant with a male fetes. The maternal immune system is more concerned with a male fetes because the XY-chromosome is somehow more readily identifiable as foreign.

Question 16

Why do we self-represent?

Answer 16

• To obtain resources from others.
• A way of gaining control over one’s life.
• To construct a self-image.
• Let other know how we expect to be threated.

Question 17

When do we self-represent?

Answer 17

• When we perceive to be in the public eye.
• When observers control something we want.
• If we want to change the view others have on us.

Question 18

When can self-representation failure happen?

Answer 18

If we don’t have the mental ressources.

Question 19

What are the four main strategies to get others to like us?

Answer 19

Expressing liking for others, creating similarity, making ourselves physically attractive, and projecting modesty.

Question 20

What is ingratiation?

Answer 20

An attempt to get others to like us.

Question 21

How do men and women differ in ingratiation?

Answer 21

Men are told to be industrious, accomplish things and seek status.

Women get told the importance of being likable and proper.

Question 22

What is the multiple-audience dilemma?

Answer 22

Getting others to like us becomes particularly tricky when we want to simultaneously ingratiate ourselves with two audiences having opposite values.

Question 23

What are four strategies to get others to view us as competent?

Answer 23

Staging performance, claiming competence, using the trappings of competence, and making excuses, claiming obstacles.

Question 24

What are four strategies to convey high status and power?

Answer 24

Displaying the artefacts of status and power, conspicuous consumption, personal associations, and status and power in nonverbal expressions.

Question 25

Who is most likely to display high status and power?

Answer 25

Men.

Question 26

What are a domain-general models?

Answer 26

This is a model that attempts to explain all behaviour using some simple rules. It seeks to use a minimum number of presumptions to explain a broad range of phenomena.

Question 27

What is the reinforcement-affect model (apart of domain-general model)?

Answer 27

People are motivated by the goal to feel good. We affiliate with, and come to like, people we associate with positive feelings.

Question 28

What is social exchange (apart of domain-general model)?

Answer 28

The goal is to maximize the ratio of benefits to costs.

Question 29

What are domains-specific models?

Answer 29

This model presumes that we think and feel very differently depending on the adaptive problem posed by particular kinds of relationships.

Question 30

What is “tend and befriend”-response and who use it?

Answer 30

Some research has found that females are less likely to respond to stress with fight-or-flight behaviour. Instead, they “tend” (get their offspring out of harm’s way) and “befriend” (pull closer to other females).

Question 31

What are communal sharing relationships?

Answer 31

All members of a group share a pool of resources, taking when they are in need and giving when others are in need.

Question 32

What are authority ranking relationships?

Answer 32

Goods are divided according to a person’s status in the group.

Question 33

What is equality matching?

Answer 33

Exchange in which no one gets more than the others.

Question 34

What is market pricing?

Answer 34

everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in.

Question 35

What is the social capital?

Answer 35

A measure of one’s cultural knowledge and ability to navigate many different social circles.