Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social and personality psychology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Rank-order stability?

A

Relative stability. Most commonly evoked by researcher. The opposite of change. Whether or not people change when compared to each other. Often looking at correlations between scores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mean-level stability?

A

Absolute stability. if people change in their levels of a feature over time. An example: if you have absolute stability in height from the age of 5, you would be disappointed because you will be quite small. If you had relative stability, you would also be disappointed because you would want to be taller than your classmates. But it is a very different thing!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Personality coherence?

A

Complicating factor for identifying change or stability in personality. How the same trait can be manifested in different behaviours at different ages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What two frequently observed results concerning personality stability did we first see evidence of in the study of smiling and laughter in very young children?

A

That there is a substantial degree of stability in how we behave, even from the earliest ages.

  1. The longer the time in between any two personality assessments, the more relative change we see between those assessments.
  2. Rank-order stability increases as we age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What personality features characterize someone whose personality will change less over time?

A

High conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some mean-level changes that characterize the period between 20 and 50?

A

Niche-building: people may create or seek out environments that “fit” with their personality.
We change less.
As you age, you may develop a clearer idea of who you are and shape your behaviors to fit with that idea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does personality change slow down with age?

A

We get to know us self. People who marry someone similar to themselves will tend not to change and stay stable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Negative or positive correlation between IQ and conscientiousness?

A

Negative!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Dabbs et al. found out in their study about testosterone?

A

Those who had committed violent crimes had higher levels of testosterone. Those who had done prison role violations had higher level of testosterone than those who hadn’t.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is the result from Dabbs et al.’s study seen as cause or effect?

A

It is both the cause and the effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did the rat study about testosterone show?

A

That the rats that got testosterone x2 had a higher level of aggressiveness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does it to you if you have circulating testosterone?

A
  • It increases willingness to engage in aggressive and physical competition
  • Increases displays of dominance
  • Increases behaviours associated with dominance – sexual activity
  • Circulating testosterone levels serve as an indicator of how you should behave and motivate you to behave in that fashion.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the health consequences of optimism?

A

Optimists perceive themselves as being at lower than average risk for bad events. But the average person already underestimates their risks (optimistic bias)

Maybe optimists ignore their symptoms and therefore go less to the doctor than pessimists.

People high in E are normally more opmistic where people high in N are not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the definition of Type A personality?

A
  • Working when ill rather than rest and healing
  • Competitive/aggressive, active and energetic, and ambitious and driven
  • Found that heart attacks are more common among type A
  • Hostile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of Type D personality?

A
  • Impaired recovery from heart problems (when having low extraversion and high neuroticism)
  • Negative affect (high neuroticism, low conscientiousness, low agreeableness and low extraversion)
  • Social inhibition (low extraversion and conscientiousness, high neuroticism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which characteristics in infants at the age of 3 shows the biggest correlations with stability?

A

Smiling and laughter, and activity level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an actigraph?

A

A motion recording device used to supply the other observation methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is stability coefficients the same as?

A

Test-retest reliability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the correlation between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time called?

A

Validity coefficients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the Big Five traits doesn’t decrease at any time in life?

A

Conscientiousness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the social-investment theory (SIT)?

A

An alternative theory on personality maturation. SIT proposes that entering new phases in your life, such as entering the labour force after graduation, marrying or becoming a parent, come with adopting a new social role. That is because society expects other behaviors from you.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the four sub-scales on the sensation-seeking scale?

A

Thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

Personality change over time as a reflection of the social times in which they lived

24
Q

What is parsimony?

A

When you try to explain a good portion of behavior with few constructs.

25
Q

What is electrodermal activity also called?

A

Skin conductance.

26
Q

Which area in the brain is more activated in introverts than extravets?

A

ARAS (ascending reticular activating system).

27
Q

What is the two systems in the reinforcement sensitivity theory called?

A

The behavioral activation system (BAS), and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS).

28
Q

What is a part of BAS?

A

Responsive to incentives (inducement, motivation) such as cues for reward and regulates approach behaviour. When the BAS recognizes a stimulus as potentially rewarding, it triggers approach behaviour.

29
Q

What is a part of BIS?

A

Responsive to cues for punishment, frustration and uncertainty. The effect of BIS activation is to cease or inhibit behaviour or to bring about avoidance behaviour.

30
Q

Which of the two systems do impulsive people have little of?

A

BIS, because they do not learn well from punishment.

31
Q

What is sensory deprivation?

A

You put people in a situation with as little stimuli as possible to see how the react when deprived of sensory input.

32
Q

What is the Iowa Gambling Task?

A

Laboratory procedure developed to study impulsivity and insensitivity to consequences.

They have to pick a card and find out that you should pick the cards with lowest win and lowest risk because you will end up winning more.

33
Q

What does the Interactional model suggest?

A

The model suggests that objective events happen to people, but personality factors determine the impact of those events by influencing people’s ability to cope.

34
Q

What model was the interactional model developed into?

A

The transactional model.

35
Q

What does the transactional model say?

A

• Personality has three potential effects:
o It can directly influence our exposure to certain events.
o It can influence how the person appraised or interprets events.
o It can influence coping, as in the interactional model.

Events influence people, and people influence events.

36
Q

What is the health behavior model?

A

Personality does not influence the stress-illness link directly but indirectly, through health-promoting or health-degrading behaviors.

37
Q

What is the predisposition model?

A

This model thinks that personality and illness are both expressions of an underlying predisposition.
It suggests that associations exist between illness and personality due to a third variable which is causing them both.

38
Q

What are the three stages in the general adaption syndrome?

A

Alarm stage, resistance stage, and exhaustion stage.

39
Q

What are the two cognitive events that must occur before stress will be evoked? (Lazarus)

A
  1. Primary appraisal: the person shall perceive that the event is a threat to his or her personal goals.
  2. Secondary appraisal: when the person concludes that he or she does not have the resources
    to cope with the demands of the threatening event.
40
Q

What is the attributional coping style?

A

A dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad events. The style tries to find out where the person typically places the blame when things go wrong.

41
Q

What are two methods to measure people’s attributional style?

A

ASQ and CAVE

42
Q

What is dispositional optimism?

A

The expectation that good events will be plentiful in the future, and that bad events will be rare in the future.

43
Q

What is optimistic bias?

A

Most people generally underestimate their risks, with the average person rating his or her risk as below what is the true probability.

44
Q

What is the positive reappraisal coping strategy?

A

A cognitive process whereby a person focuses on the good in what is happening or has happened. Seeing opportunities for personal growth and seeing how one’s own efforts can benefit other people.

45
Q

What is problem-focused coping?

A

Using thoughts and behaviors to manage or solve the underlying cause of the stress. Useful in situations where the person has some control over the outcomes.

46
Q

What is creating positive events (coping)?

A

Creating a positive time-out from the stress. You have to pause and reflect on something positive, such as a pleasing or humorous memory.

47
Q

What is positive psychology? (Coping)

A

A new research that focuses on positive emotions and their role in
health and illness.

48
Q

Which of the Big Five traits had a positive increase in old age?

A

Agreeableness

49
Q

Which of the Big Five traits was higher in adolescence and lowered in old age?

A

Openness

50
Q

When do most mean-level personality trait change occur?

A

Between the ages of 20 and 40.

51
Q

Did people with anxiety disorder or people being treated for substance abuse change most by intervention?

A

Patients with anxiety disorder changed the most. Patients being treated for substance use changed the least.

52
Q

True or false: People get more confident agreeable, conscientious, and emotional stable with age?

A

TRUE!

53
Q

What are the two positions about the changes seen in personality traits during therapy?

A

State-artefact position and cause-correction hypothesis.

54
Q

What is the state-artefact position?

A

Any changes seen in personality trait measures that appear as the result of therapy can be attributed to the state level variance in personality trait measures.
* So they mean that changes due to therapy is only temporary - just a state change.

55
Q

What is the cause-correction hypothesis?

A

It proposes that the change in the psychological outcomes is due to the trait component and not the state component of personality.

56
Q

For which of the Big Five traits had the largest effects of therapy?

A

Emotional stability, then extraversion.

Social and personality psychology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions