The Foot (second half)

Question 1

what are the 6 posterior muscles of the foot

Answer 1

1. gastroc
2. soleus
3. tibialis posterior
4. flexor digitorum longus
5. flexor hallucis longus
6. plantaris

Question 2

3 actions that the posterior muscles perform

Answer 2

1. plantarflexion
2. flexion of MTP or IP
3. or supination of subtalar

Question 3

what nerve innervates the plantaris

Answer 3

tibial nerve

Question 4

what nerve innervates the soleus

Answer 4

tibial nerve

Question 5

how do you stretch the soleus without the gastroc

Answer 5

flex the knee and dorsiflex

Question 6

what 3 muscles are the triceps surae

–> whats there main function

Answer 6

gastroc, soleus, and plantaris

–> plantar flexion (they have the best leverage for it)

Question 7

important postural muscle , contracting at the ‘stand at ease’ position (control of postural sway)

Answer 7

soleus

Question 8

what is the differences in soleus and gastroc muscle fiber types

Answer 8

soleus high proportion of fatigue resistant type 1 fibers and gastroc is predominant fast twitch fibers

Question 9

where do the 3 tom dick and harry muscles lie? what do they do? and what are they?

Answer 9

• posterior to the medial malleolus
• plantar flexion and inversion
• tibialis posterior
• flexor digitorum longus
• flexor hallicus longus

Question 10

what nerve innervates the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus

Answer 10

tibial nerve

Question 11

what are is the tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus and the flexor hallucis longus important for ?

Answer 11

important in close chain motions of walking running and standing on the toes b/c they contract to support the longitudinal arch and to apply force on the ground in the push off phase of walking

Question 12

what muscles make up the lateral compartment

Answer 12

• fibularis (peroneus) longus

- fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Question 13

what nerve innervates the fibularis (peroneus) longus

Answer 13

superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve

Question 14

what nerve innervates the fibularis (peroneus) brevis

Answer 14

superficial fibular nerve

Question 15

what muscles make up the anterior compartment

Answer 15

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus

Question 16

what nerve innervates the anterior compartment

Answer 16

deep fibular (branch from common peroneal)

Question 17

what is the primary dorsiflexor of the foot

Answer 17

the tibialis anterior

Question 18

the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus extend what first? and what does this mean?

Answer 18

they extend the toes first, so they are less effective at dorsiflexion of the ankle (they are int he shortened position)

Question 19

weakness and paralysis of what muscles results in drop foot during the swing phase of walking and requires excess hip and knee flexion to keep from tripping or dragging the toes on the floor

Answer 19

anterior compartment
– tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus

Question 20

the intrinsic muscles of the foot can perform _________, _______, and _______ of the toes, but their major functions are (3)

Answer 20

• abduction, adduction, flexion
• supporting the arches in walking and running
• supplementing the force of the long toe flexors
• maintaining the toes (IP joints) in the extension for the forceful pull of the flexors (MTP joint lumbricals) at push off

Question 21

what are the 3 arches of the foot

Answer 21

medial longitudinal
lateral longitudinal
transverse

Question 22

the ability of the foot to maintain arches as well as change form a flexible to rigid structure within a single step depends on: (3)

Answer 22

1. bony structure of the 3 arches
2. static ligament- fascial support
3. dynamic muscle contraction
   (it becomes rigid when we push off)

Question 23

where does the medial longitudinal arch run?

Answer 23

calcaneus tuberosity, rises to the talus, descends through the navicular, the 3 CF’s and the heads of the ‘s 1-3.

Question 24

what arch is more elastic and higher

Answer 24

medial longitudinal

Question 25

what muscles support the medial longitudinal arch

Answer 25

tib anterior, tib posterior , FDL, FHL, Abd Hal, FDB, quadratus planta, plantar fascia, ligaments (eg, calcaneonavicular ligament)

Question 26

describe the path of the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 26

calcaneus, rises at the cuboid and descends to heads of 4 & 5 metatarsal

Question 27

solid arch, lower elevation , more stable and less adjustable, what arch?

Answer 27

lateral longitudinal

Question 28

what muscles maintain the lateral longitudinal arch

Answer 28

Peroneal longus and brevis, abductor digiti minimi, FDB, quadratus plantae, plantar fascia and ligaments (eg. long and short plantar ligaments)

Question 29

the transverse arch runs ?

and is formed by?

Answer 29

• medially to laterally

- navicular, cuboid 3 CF’s and bases of 5 MT’s

Question 30

what muscles maintain the transverse arch?

Answer 30

tib posterior, adductor hallicus, peroneus longus and plantar fascia

Question 31

where is most of our weight distributed when we stand, it is distributed this way via ?

Answer 31

• calcaneal tuberosity and matatarsal heads

- via the 3 arches of the foot

Question 32

arches of the foot: bones are ______ shaped

- ligaments connect the _____ and ________bones on both the dorsal and plantar surfaces

Answer 32

• wedged

- metatarsal and tarsal

Question 33

ligaments provide binding of the bones to have properties of a solid “___________”
- when loaded _________ forces occur at the _____ and _____ forces occur at the _______

Answer 33

curved beam

• compression
• top (convex side)
• tension
• plantar side (concave)

Question 34

as the amount of load on the foot increases the beam?

Answer 34

eventually collapses

Question 35

if a ‘tie rod’ or ‘truss’ is placed across the base of the beam to prevent the 2 ends of the beam from moving apart, what can happen?
– this is the role played by ?

Answer 35

larger forces can be supported

- the plantar aponeurosis and other intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot

Question 36

series of fascial bands running from the calcaneal tuberosity to the toes (beyond the MTP joint)

Answer 36

plantar aponeurosis

Question 37

when the MTP joints are ________, tension is placed on the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 37

hyperextended

Question 38

what is the windless mechanisms of the plantar fascia

Answer 38

• extension of the MTP joints causes a tension in the plantar fascia
• produces passive supination of the hind foot to make a rigid lever in the late stance and push off phase of gait

Question 39

during a relaxed standing, there is normally no activity where?
- the foot is supported by?

Answer 39

• the muscles of the arches or toes

- its supported by bony and ligamentous structures

Question 40

as load increases and the arches ares stressed, what kicks in?

Answer 40

muscles are activated (second line of stability)

Question 41

small but critical motions of the tarsal and metatarsal joints provide what?

Answer 41

flexibility of the arches during weight acceptance in walking/running and rigidity of the foot during propulsion

Question 42

what happens with abnormal tarsal motion

Answer 42

compensatory hyper mobility at other joints (ex knee and metatarsal joints)

Question 43

name the myotomes of the lower limb

Answer 43

L1-L2 hip flexion 
L3 knee extension 
L4 dorsiflexion 
L5 toe extension 
S1 plantar flexion, ankle eversion, hip extension, knee flexion 
S2 knee flexion 
S3 intrinsics of the foot