THE FINAL Flashcards
What is not an example of the possible steps in the scientific method
(1) the development of one or more working hypothesis
(2) the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement
(3) assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation
(4) development of observations and experiments to test the hypothesis
(3)
How old is the Universe?
13.8 billion years old
How old is the Earth?
4.5 billion years old
What percentage of the universe’s mass makes up everything we can all see
5%
What is our galaxy called
the milky way
Which color stars have the coolest surface temperature?
red
Which color stars have the highest surface temperature?
blue
What is the most cataclysmic event to occur in our universe?
a supernova
Which class of stars does our Sun belong to?
main-sequence star
The discovery that the universe appears to be expanding led to the widely excepted theory called…?
the Big Bang
Which of the following is NOT considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?
(1) radio waves
(2) x-rays
(3) visible light
(4) Gravity
(5) gamma rays
(4)
How do astronomers determine whether a galaxy is approaching or moving away from Earth?
The Doppler Principle
what layer of the sun radiates the most light onto earth
photosphere
What is the source of the suns energy
nuclear fusion
How does the sun convert energy
hydrogen nuclei to helium nuclei
what do streams of protons from the sun produce?
the solar wind
What hypothesis explains how our solar system probably formed from a giant cloud of gases and dispersed solid particles?
nebular hypothesis
How did the lunar maria most likely originate
huge impact basins that were nearly filled with lava flows
What is the oldest lunar feature?
rugged highlands
Where is the asteroid belt located?
between jupiter and mars
What were most of the craters of the moon created by
the impact of meteroids
all of the planets, asteroids, and comets make up what percentage of our solar system?
0.2%
What is the closest galaxy to the milky way
Andromeda
How far away is the andromeda galaxy in light years
2 million
What are the 4 sciences of earth science
astronomy, oceanology, geology, and meteorology
Earth is the… planet from the sun
3rd
How many light years across is our galaxy
100,000
How many stars are in our galaxy
200 billion
What is the MO state mineral
lead/galena
what is the chemical formula of lead?
PbS
How do you define a mineral and a rock?
In a mineral the consistent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated combination of different mineral grains
Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?
(1) electron
(2) protons
(3) selection
(4) neutron
(3)
What are atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons?
ions
What minerals are the hardest known in the industry?
diamond
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
Calcite
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
quartz
Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
(1) calcite
(2) feldspar
(3) hematite
(4) halite
(2)
What kind of mineral group exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?
micas
the ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by what?
four oxygen ions
all silicate minerals contain which two elements?
silicon and oxygen
What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust by weight?
oxygen
Which one of the following is not true for minerals?
A) they have a specific, internal, crystalline structure
B) they can be identified by characteristic physical features
C) they have a specific, predictable chemical composition
D) they can be a liquid, solid or glass
D) they can be a liquid, solid, or glass
which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?
silicates
a combination of one or more minerals is called a
rocks
in igneous rocks, as the rate of cooling increases (faster cooling), the size of the crystals that form
decreases
which one of the following is an igneous rock?
A) slate
B) rhyolite
C) limestone
D) shale
rhyolite
intrusive igneous rocks
A) are generally fine-grained
B) are often quite vesicular
C) form at Earth’s surface
D) none of the above
D
Granite and gabbro
have a similar texture
Obsidian exhibits a ___ texture
glassy
Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock
granite
the texture of an igneous rock
records the rock’s cooling history
Igneous rock is formed
by crystallization of molten rock
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of
particle size
which rock type formed as a result of sediments deposited from a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream?
conglomerate
the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is
limestone
____ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bonds in a metamorphic rock
foliation
what changes may occur during metamorphism
crystals may grow larger
the rock becomes more compact
certain minerals may recrystallize
the common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is
marble
the primary agent of contact metamorphism
heat
list the rocks in order of increasing grain size and increasing grade (strength) of metamorphism
Phyllite
Slate
Schist
slate, phyllite, schist
What is the source of an earthquake’s energy?
focus
Which of the following statements is correct
(a) P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves do not travel through solids
(b) S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids
(c) P and S waves travel through liquids, but waves do not travel through solids
(d) P waves travel through solids but S waves do not
(b)
What is the instrument that records earthquakes
seismograph
What is the position on earth surface directly above the earthquake source called
epicenter
What is the most destructive seismic wave
surface waves
What is the record of an earthquake that comes from a seismograph called?
seismogram
where does most of our knowledge about earth surface come from
seismic waves
What is the dense core of earth predominately made of?
iron
What is the lithosphere defined as
a rigid layer of crustal and mantel materials
The average composition of the oceanic crust is thought to approximate that of
basalt
The average composition of the continental crust mostly approximates that of…?
granite
The asthenosphere is located
in the upper mantel
The former late paleozoic super continent is know as
Pangea
What energy source is thought to drive the lateral motions of earth lithospheric plates
export heat from deep in the mantel to the top of the asthenosphere
Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian island
(a) strato volcanoes associated with a mid pacific transform fault
(b) strato volcanoes associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary
(c) shield volcanoes associated with a mid pacific ridge and spreading center
(d) shield volcanoes fed to be a long-lived hotspot below the pacific lithospheric plate
(d)
New oceanic crust in the lithosphere is formed at
divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
cooler older oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantel at
subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries
which of the following factors helps determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or relatively dormant
(a)the temperature of the magma
(b) composition of the magma
(c) amount of dissolved gas in the magma
(d) all of the above
(d)
Which if the following is associated with deep mantel hotspots
(a) mount st. Helens and other volcanoes of the cascade mountains
(b) the volcanoes of Hawaii and quaternary activity in Yellowstone national park
(c) the very young cinder cones scattered across the south western USA
(d) Vesuvius and the other volcanoes of Italy
(b)
what is the most violent volcanic activity associated with it?
composite cones
Kilauea (the big island of hawaii) is an example of what type of volcano
Shield
Which one of the following best describes volcanism in the cascade range
(a) related to a mantel hot spot
(b) related to a mid oceanic ridge system
(c) related to plate subduction
(d) related to deep transform faults
(c)
The _____ in California is the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates
San Andreas Strike Slip Fault
Folded limestones that occur high in the Himalayas were originally deposited as sediments in a
The marine basin between India and Eurasia
What is an unconformity
a buried surface of erosion separating young strata above from older strata below
a worm would stand a poor chance of being fossilized because
worms are squishy
by applying the principle of superposition _____ dates can be determined
relative
About 88% of geologic time is represented by the time span called the …
Pre Cambrian
Which of the following gases was NOT part of Earth original atmosphere
(a) nitrogen
(b) oxygen
(c) carbon dioxide
(d) water vapor
(b)
The most common Precambrian fossils are …
stromatolites
What are the most widespread early paleozoic fossils?
brachiopods
mammals became the dominant land animals during the ____ era?
Cenozoic
the major source of free oxygen in the atmosphere ___
green plants
Abundant fossil evidence did not appear in the geologic record about?
500 million years ago
The process in which plants use light energy to synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide
photosynthesis
the beginning of the ____ era is marked by the appearance of the first life forms with hard parts
Paleozoic
By the close of the paleozoic, all the continents had fused into the single supercontinent
Pangea
Earth’s primitive atmosphere evolved from gases that
expelled from within by volcanoes
the first true terrestrial land animals were
reptiles
the ___ era was a time of major extinctions, including 75% of amphibian families
late paleozoic
which of the following is an essential characteristic of an index fossil
an organism that only lived for a short period of geologic time
the supercontinent of pangea began to break up during which era
mesozoic
which era is sometimes called the age of dinosaurs
Mesozoic
One group of dinosaurs exemplified by the fossil Archaeopteryx led to the evolution of what?
birds
mammals first appeared around what time?
late Mesozoic
dinosaurs first appeared around what time.
early mesozoic
Which era of human has or had the larger brain
neanderthals
Hominids first evolved how many million years ago
7-10
Missouri state fossil is
crinoids
Dinosaurs went extinct how many years ago
65 million
How many major extinctions have there been?
5
How long did hominids evolve from plant eaters to meat eaters?
2-3 million years ago
The single most important erosional agent is?
water
A ____ is the icile-like cave fetures that grows down from the roof of a cavern
stalagtite
caves most commonly form in what?
limestone
permeable rock strata or sediment that transmit groundwater are called
aquifer
Where is the world’s largest ice sheet located today?
Antarctica
During the most recent ice age glaciers and ice sheets covered about _____% of earth land area
30%
