THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
Two Major Phases:
A
- Preparation for conception and pregnancy
- Pregnancy period
2
Q
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
Principal Organs:
A
Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
3
Q
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
Reproduction begins with the development of ______ in the ______. Around the ______ of each monthly cycle, a single ______ is released from an ______ into the ______ near the ______. The ovum travels through a ______ to the ______; if fertilized by sperm, it implants in the ______, where it develops into a ______, ______, and ______, eventually becoming a baby.
A
ova, ovaries, middle, ovum, ovarian follicle, abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes, fallopian tube, uterus, uterus, fetus, placenta, fetal membranes
4
Q
______ is the process through which a developing egg (______) matures into an ovum. During early embryonic development, ______ migrate from the ______ to the ______, becoming ______. Each oogonium, surrounded by ______, forms a ______ with an immature primary ______.
A
Oogenesis, oocyte, primordial germ cells, yolk sac, ovaries, oogonia, granulosa cells, primordial follicle, oocyte
5
Q
OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES
By the fifth month of fetal development, oogonia enter ______, pausing in ______ until ______. After ______, meiosis resumes; the first division produces a ______ and a ______. Meiosis pauses again until ______, at which point the ovum completes ______, releasing a ______.
A
meiosis, prophase I, puberty, puberty, secondary oocyte, polar body, fertilization, meiosis, second polar body
6
Q
OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES
Oocyte Reserve:
______-______ million at birth, ______ at puberty.
A
1, 2, 300,000
7
Q
OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES
Oocyte Reserve:
Only ______-______ mature and ovulate (ages ______-______);rest ______.
A
400, 500, 13, 46, degenerate
8
Q
OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES
Oocyte Reserve:
______: Few follicles remain, which soon degenerate
A
Menopause
9
Q
FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM
The female hormonal system consists of three hormone levels:
A
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, released in response to GnRH.
- Estrogen and Progesterone from the ovaries, in response to FSH and LH.
10
Q
FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM
Hormonal Release Variability in the Female Monthly Cycle
______ and ______ (gonadotropic hormones) and ______ and ______ (ovarian hormones) show significant ______ throughout the cycle.
A
FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, fluctuations
11
Q
FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM
Hormonal Release Variability in the Female Monthly Cycle
GnRH from the ______ is released in consistent ______, approximately every ______ minutes, showing ______ drastic variation.
A
hypothalamus, short pulses, 90, less
12
Q
FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM
Hormonal Release Variability in the Female Monthly Cycle
These hormonal changes regulate the ______, influencing ______ and preparation of the uterus for ______.
A
ovarian cycle, ovulation, pregnancy
13
Q
MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
The female reproductive years are marked by a ______ sexual cycle characterized by rhythmic changes in hormone secretion and corresponding physical alterations in the ______ and ______. This cycle, commonly referred to as the ______, averages ______ days but can range from ______ to ______ days in some women. Abnormal cycle lengths are often linked to ______ fertility.
A
monthly, ovaries, reproductive organs, menstrual cycle, 28, 20, 45, decreased
14
Q
MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES
The female sexual cycle leads to two key outcomes:
- Typically, only ______ ovum is released from the ovaries each month, which usually results in the development of a ______.
- The ______ is prepped in advance for the implantation of a fertilized ______ at the appropriate time within the cycle.
A
one, single fetus, uterine endometrium, ovum
15
Q
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES
The changes in the ovaries during the female sexual cycle are entirely dependent on ______, specifically ______ and ______, which are secreted by the ______. Both hormones are ______ with a molecular weight of about ______.
A
gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anterior pituitary gland, glycoproteins, 30,000
16
Q
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES
Inactive Ovaries: In childhood, the ovaries are inactive due to ______ levels of ______ and ______.
A
low, FSH, LH
17
Q
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES
Onset of Puberty: Between ages ______ and ______, the pituitary begins to secrete more ______ and ______, leading to the onset of normal ______ by ages ______ to ______ (______).
A
9, 12, FSH, LH, monthly sexual cycles, 11, 15, menarche
18
Q
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES
Cyclical Changes: Each month, ______ and ______ levels ______, causing corresponding cyclical changes in the ovaries.
A
FSH, LH, fluctuate
19
Q
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES
______ and ______ stimulate ovarian cells by binding to specific ______ on their membranes, increasing ______ and promoting ______ and ______. These effects are primarily mediated through the ______, leading to the activation of ______ and ______ of key enzymes that promote sex hormone synthesis.
A
FSH, LH, receptors, secretion rates, cell growth, proliferation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) second messenger system, protein kinases, phosphorylation
20
Q
OVARIAN FOLLICLE GROWTH—THE FOLLICULAR PHASE OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE
At birth, each ovum is surrounded by a single layer of ______, forming a ______. Granulosa cells nourish the ______ and secrete an ______ that maintains it in a ______ during ______ of meiotic division.
A
granulosa cells, primordial follicle, ovum, inhibiting factor, primordial state, prophase
21
Q
OVARIAN FOLLICLE GROWTH—THE FOLLICULAR PHASE OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE
After puberty, the increase in ______ and ______ secretion stimulates ______. The initial phase of follicular growth involves a ______- to ______-fold enlargement of the ______, followed by the formation of ______ through the growth of additional layers of ______.
A
FSH, LH, ovarian growth, 2, 3, ovum, primary follicles, granulosa cells
22
Q
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES
During the early days of each monthly cycle, the ______ releases slightly increased levels of FSH and LH, with ______ rising earlier and more than ______. This rise, particularly in FSH, stimulates accelerated growth in ______ to ______ primary follicles. The ______ within these follicles ______ rapidly, while surrounding ______ form a secondary layer, the ______.
A
anterior pituitary gland, FSH, LH, 6, 12, granulosa cells, proliferate, spindle cells, theca
23
Q
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES
The theca develops into two layers: the ______, which begins to produce ______ and ______, and the ______, which becomes a ______ around the follicle. As growth continues, granulosa cells secrete ______ fluid, forming an ______ within the cell mass.
A
theca interna, estrogen, progesterone, theca externa, vascular capsule, estrogen-rich, antrum
24
Q
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES
FSH stimulates early follicle growth up to the ______ stage.
A
antral
25
DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES
FSH stimulates early follicle growth up to the antral stage. Then, accelerated growth occurs in vesicular follicles through several mechanisms:
1. Estrogen increases FSH receptors on granulosa cells, making them more responsive to FSH.
2. FSH and estrogen promote LH receptors on granulosa cells, allowing both FSH and LH to boost follicle growth.
3. Rising estrogen and LH levels cause thecal cell proliferation and increase secretion.
26
Only ______ Follicle Fully Matures Each Month, and the Remainder Undergo ______.
One, Atresia
27
Each month, only ______ follicle fully matures while the rest undergo ______ (degeneration). After a ______ of growth, the leading follicle outpaces the others, which then ______. High estrogen from this dominant follicle reduces ______ secretion, halting growth of the other follicles. This selection process allows just one follicle, reaching ______–______ cm in diameter, to ______ and ______, typically resulting in a ______ ovum for potential fertilization.
one, atresia, week, involute, FSH, 1, 1.5, mature, ovulate, single
28
OVULATION
Ovulation in a woman who has a normal 28-day female sexual cycle occurs ______ days after the onset of menstruation. Shortly before ovulation, the protruding outer wall of the follicle ______ rapidly, and a small area in the center of the follicular capsule, called the ______, protrudes like a ______. Fluid leaks through the stigma, and soon after, it ruptures, releasing the ______ surrounded by ______ (______).
14, swells, stigma, nipple, ovum, granulosa cells, corona radiata
29
Initiation of Ovulation
LH triggers key changes necessary for ovulation:
1. Theca externa cells release enzymes that weaken the follicle wall, causing stigma degeneration.
2. New blood vessels grow, and prostaglandins cause vasodilation in the follicle wall, further increasing swelling.
30
Initiation of Ovulation
LH triggers key changes necessary for ovulation.
These combined effects—______ and ______—lead to rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.
follicle swelling, stigma degeneration
31
Role of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in Ovulation
A surge in LH is essential for ovulation. About ______ days before ovulation, LH secretion from the anterior pituitary rises sharply, peaking ______ hours before ovulation. This LH spike, along with a smaller ______ increase, drives rapid ______. LH also shifts ______ and ______ to produce more ______, while ______ secretion decreases just before ovulation.
two, 16, FSH, follicle swelling, granulosa, theca cells, progesterone, estrogen
32
Corpus Luteum and the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
After ovulation, the leftover granulosa and theca interna cells transform into ______, enlarging and becoming ______ due to lipid accumulation, forming the ______. This structure develops a strong blood supply and secretes large amounts of ______ and some ______, which are primarily produced by the ______. The theca cells produce ______, which are converted into ______ by ______ in ______.
lutein cells, yellow, corpus luteum, progesterone, estrogen, granulosa cells, androgens, estrogens, aromatase, granulosa cells
33
Corpus Luteum and the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
The corpus luteum reaches peak size (about ______ cm) ______–______ days post-ovulation. Around day ______, it starts to involute, loses function, and turns into the ______, eventually replaced by ______ over time.
1.5, 7, 8, 12, corpus albicans, connective tissue
34
FUNCTIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE
In Luteinization
LH is essential for converting ______ and ______ into ______ after ovulation, a process inhibited by a factor in follicular fluid until ovulation releases it.
granulosa, theca interna cells, lutein cells
35
FUNCTIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE
In Corpus Luteum Secretion
Following the LH surge, lutein cells ______, ______, secrete ______ and ______, and then degenerate within about ______ days unless pregnancy occurs. ______, a hormone similar to LH, can extend the corpus luteum's ______ in early pregnancy.
proliferate, enlarge, progesterone, estrogen, 12, Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), lifespan
36
Involution of the Corpus Luteum and Onset of the Next Ovarian Cycle.
During the ______, progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin from the ______ suppress ______ and ______ secretion via ______. After approximately ______ days, low FSH and LH levels lead to ______, around day ______ of the cycle, reducing ______ secretion. Final involution normally occurs at the end of almost exactly ______ days of corpus luteum life, which is around the ______ day of the normal female sexual cycle, ______ days before menstruation begins.
The drop in progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin at the corpus luteum's end releases the ______ from ______, leading to a rise in ______ and ______, triggering a new ovarian cycle and initiating ______.
luteal phase, corpus luteum, FSH, LH, negative feedback, 12, corpus luteum involution, 26, hormone, 12, 26th, 2, anterior pituitary, inhibition, FSH, LH, menstruation
37
Two types of ovarian sex hormones:
Estrogens
Progestins
38
Two types of ovarian sex hormones:
Estrogens
Primary estrogen: ______
Estradiol
39
Two types of ovarian sex hormones:
______
Role: Promotes proliferation and growth of cells responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in females
Estrogens
40
Two types of ovarian sex hormones:
Progestins
Primary progestin: ______
Progesterone
41
Two types of ovarian sex hormones:
______
Role: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and the breasts for lactation
Progestins
42
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Estrogen
Sources in females:
In nonpregnant females: Secreted mainly by ______, with small amounts from ______
ovaries, adrenal cortices
43
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Estrogen
Sources in females:
During pregnancy: Produced in large quantities by the ______
placenta
44
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Three main estrogens in plasma:
β-Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol
45
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Three main estrogens in plasma:
______: Primary estrogen from the ovaries; most potent (______x potency of estrone, ______x of estriol)
β-Estradiol, 12, 80
46
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Three main estrogens in plasma:
______: Formed mainly in peripheral tissues from adrenal and ovarian androgens
Estrone
47
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Three main estrogens in plasma:
______: Weak estrogen; oxidative product of estradiol and estrone, converted mainly in the liver
Estriol
48
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
main estrogens in plasma:
Potency: ______ has the highest estrogenic effect, making it the primary estrogen despite contributions from estrone
β-Estradiol
49
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Progestin
Primary Progestin: ______
Small amounts of ______ are also secreted with similar effects
Progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone
50
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Progestin
Secretion in nonpregnant females:
Significant amounts released only in the latter half of the ______ by ______
ovarian cycle, Corpus luteum
51
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Progestin
During pregnancy:
Large quantities of progesterone produced by the ______, especially after the ______ month
placenta, fourth
52
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Estrogens and Progestins
Both are ______ synthesized mainly from ______ in the ______, with some synthesis from ______
steroids, cholesterol, ovaries, acetyl coenzyme A
53
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Synthesis steps:
Initial hormones: Primarily ______ and ______ (______, ______)
progesterone, androgens, testosterone, androstenedione
54
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Follicular phase:
______ and some ______ are converted into ______ by ______ in ______
Androgens, progesterone, estrogens, granulosa cells
55
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Follicular phase:
Theca cells produce ______ but lack ______; androgens diffuse to ______ for conversion
androgens, aromatase, granulosa cells
56
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Follicular phase:
FSH stimulates ______ in ______
aromatase activity, granulosa cells
57
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Luteal phase:
Excess ______ production leads to a large release into the ______
progesterone, bloodstream
58
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Testosterone secretion:
Female ovaries release about ______ the testosterone compared to male testes
1/15th
59
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Estrogens and Progesterone Are Transported in the Blood Bound to Plasma Proteins.
Transport in blood: Estrogens and progesterone bind to plasma ______ and specific hormone-binding ______
Binding nature: ______ binding allows rapid release to tissues, typically within ______ minutes
albumin, globulins, Loose, 30
60
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Functions of the Liver in Estrogen Degradation:
1. Liver conjugates estrogens to glucuronides and sulfates
2. Excretes one-fifth in bile; most in urine
3. Converts potent estrogens (estradiol, estrone) to weaker estriol
4. Reduced liver function can increase estrogen activity, causing hyperestrinism
61
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Fate of Progesterone:
Progesterone is rapidly degraded to ______ steroids shortly after secretion.
inactive
62
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Fate of Progesterone:
The liver is important for the metabolic degradation of ______, not ______.
estrogens, progesterone
63
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Fate of Progesterone:
The primary end product of progesterone degradation is ______.
pregnanediol
64
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Fate of Progesterone:
Approximately ______% of progesterone is excreted in urine as ______.
10, pregnanediol
65
CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES
Fate of Progesterone:
The rate of ______ can be used to estimate progesterone production in the body.
urinary pregnanediol excretion
66
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
promote the ______ and ______ of cells in the sex organs and other tissues associated with reproduction.
growth, division
67
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs.
Estrogen secretion: Minimal during ______, increases over ______-fold at ______ due to pituitary ______
childhood, 20, puberty, gonadotropic hormones
68
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Changes during puberty:
Female sex organs (______, ______, ______, ______) ______ several times in size
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, increase
69
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Changes during puberty:
______ enlarge, with fat deposition in the ______ and ______, and enlargement of the ______
External genitalia, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora
70
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Vaginal epithelium:
Transforms from ______ to ______ type, enhancing resistance to ______ and ______
cuboidal, stratified, trauma, infection
71
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Vaginal epithelium:
Estrogens can help cure ______ in children by increasing ______
vaginal infections, epithelial resistance
72
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Uterine changes:
Uterus size increases ______ to ______ times during the first few years after puberty
2, 3
73
FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Uterine changes:
Estrogens stimulate proliferation of the ______ and development of ______, supporting nutrition for the implanted ______
endometrial stroma, endometrial glands, ovum
74
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
Estrogens stimulate the proliferation of ______ in the ______ of the ______.
glandular tissues, mucosal lining, fallopian tubes
75
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
Estrogens lead to an increase in the number of ______ lining the ______.
It enhances the activity of the ______.
The cilia beat in the direction of the ______, aiding in the movement of the fertilized ______ towards the uterus.
ciliated epithelial cells, fallopian tubes, cilia, uterus, ovum
76
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE BREASTS.
Estrogens cause:
(1) development of the stromal tissues of the breasts,
(2) growth of an extensive ductile system,
(3) deposition of fat in the breasts.
77
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE BREASTS.
The ______ and ______ of the breast develop to a slight extent under the influence of estrogens alone, but it is ______ and ______ that ultimately complete the growth and function of these structures.
lobules, alveoli, progesterone, prolactin
78
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE BREASTS.
In summary, the estrogens ______ growth of the breasts and of the milk-producing apparatus. They are also responsible for the characteristic ______ and external ______ of the mature female breast. However, they do not ______ the job of converting the breasts into milkproducing organs.
initiate, growth, appearance, complete
79
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKELETON.
Estrogens - inhibit ______ activity in the bones and therefore stimulate bone ______, a part of this effect is due to stimulation of ______, which is also called ______, a ______ that inhibits bone resorption.
osteoclastic, growth, osteoprotegerin, osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, cytokine
80
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKELETON.
At puberty, when the female enters her reproductive years, her growth in ______ becomes rapid for several years. However, estrogens also cause uniting of the ______ with the ______ of the ______. This effect of estrogen in the female is much ______ than the similar effect of testosterone in the male. As a result, growth of the female usually ceases several years ______ than growth of the male.
height, epiphyses, shafts, long bones, stronger, earlier
81
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKELETON.
A female eunuch who is devoid of estrogen production usually grows several ______ taller than a normal mature female because her ______ do not unite at the normal time.
inches, epiphyses
82
OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE BONES CAUSED BY ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY IN OLD AGE
After menopause, almost ______ estrogens are secreted by the ovaries. This estrogen deficiency leads to:
(1) ______ osteoclastic activity in the bones;
(2) ______ bone matrix;
(3) ______ deposition of bone calcium and phosphate.
no, increased, decreased, decreased
83
OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE BONES CAUSED BY ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY IN OLD AGE
In some women this effect is extremely ______, and the resulting condition is called ______. Because ______ can greatly weaken the bones and lead to bone fracture, especially fracture of the vertebrae, many postmenopausal women are treated prophylactically with ______ replacement to prevent the ______ effects.
severe, osteoporosis, osteoporosis, estrogen, osteoporotic
84
ESTROGENS SLIGHTLY ______ PROTEIN DEPOSITION.
INCREASE
85
Estrogens cause a slight ______ in total body protein, which is evidenced by a slight ______ when estrogens are administered. This effect mainly results from the growth- promoting effect of estrogen on the sexual organs, the bones, and a few other tissues of the body. The enhanced protein deposition caused by ______ is much more general and much more powerful than that caused by estrogens.
increase, positive nitrogen balance, testosterone
86
ESTROGENS HAVE ______ EFFECT ON HAIR DISTRIBUTION.
LITTLE
87
Estrogens do not greatly ______ hair distribution. However, hair does develop in the ______ and in the ______ after puberty. ______ formed in increased quantities by the female ______ after puberty are mainly responsible for this development of hair.
affect, pubic region, axillae, Androgens, adrenal glands
88
ESTROGENS ______ BODY METABOLISM AND FAT DEPOSITION.
INCREASE
89
Estrogens ______ the whole-body metabolic rate slightly, but only about ______ as much as the increase caused by ______.
increase, one-third, testosterone
90
Estrogens also cause deposition of ______ quantities of fat in the ______. As a result, the percentage of body fat in females is considerably ______ than that in the males whose bodies contain more ______.
increased, subcutaneous tissues, greater, protein
91
In addition, estrogens cause deposition of fat in the ______, ______ and ______, which is characteristic of the feminine figure.
breasts, buttocks, thighs
92
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKIN
Estrogens cause the skin to develop a texture that is ______ and usually ______, but even so, the skin of a woman is ______ than that of a child or a castrated female.
soft, smooth, thicker
93
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKIN
Estrogens also cause the skin to become more ______, which is often associated with increased ______ of the skin and greater ______ of cut surfaces than is observed in men.
vascular, warmth, bleeding
94
EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
Estrogens, like ______ and some other ______ hormones, cause ______ and ______ retention by the ______. This effect of estrogens is normally slight and rarely of significance, but during pregnancy the tremendous formation of estrogens by the ______ may contribute to body ______.
aldosterone, adrenocortical, sodium, water, kidney tubules, placenta, fluid retention
95
FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE:
1. Progesterone Promotes Secretory Changes in the Uterus
2. Progesterone Promotes Secretion by the Fallopian
Tubes
3. Progesterone Promotes Development of the Breasts
96
FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE
Progesterone Promotes Secretory Changes in the Uterus
A major function of progesterone is to promote ______ in the ______ during the ______ of the monthly female sexual cycle, preparing the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum. Additionally, progesterone ______ the frequency and intensity of ______, helping to prevent ______ of the implanted ovum.
secretory changes, uterine endometrium, latter half, decreases, uterine
contractions, expulsion
97
FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE
Progesterone Promotes Secretion by the Fallopian Tubes
Progesterone also promotes ______ secretion by the ______ of the ______. These secretions are necessary for nutrition of the fertilized, dividing ______ as it traverses the ______ before implantation.
increased, mucosal lining, fallopian tubes, ovum, fallopian tube
98
FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE
Progesterone Promotes Development of the Breasts
Progesterone promotes the development of the ______ and ______ of the breasts, causing the alveolar cells to proliferate, enlarge, and become secretory. However, progesterone does not cause the alveoli to secrete ______; this occurs only after further stimulation by ______ from the ______.
lobules, alveoli, milk, prolactin, anterior pituitary gland
99
FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE
Progesterone Promotes Development of the Breasts
Progesterone also causes the breasts to ______, partly due to secretory development in the ______ and ______ and partly from increased ______ in the tissue.
swell, lobules, alveoli, fluid
100
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (______ PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS BEFORE OVULATION.
SECRETORY PHASE (______ PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS AFTER OVULATION.
ESTROGEN, PROGESTATIONAL
101
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (ESTROGEN PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS BEFORE OVULATION.
At the beginning of each monthly cycle, most of the endometrium has been desquamated by ______. After menstruation, only a thin layer of ______ remains, with ______ left in the ______ portions of the ______ and ______.
menstruation, endometrial stroma, epithelial cells, deeper, glands, crypts
102
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (ESTROGEN PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS BEFORE OVULATION.
Under the influence of estrogens, the ______ and ______ proliferate rapidly, re-epithelializing the endometrial surface within ______ to ______ days. During the next week and a half, before ovulation, the endometrium ______ significantly due to the growth of ______, ______, and new ______. At the time of ovulation, the endometrium is ______ to ______ millimeters thick. The ______, particularly in the ______ region, secrete thin, stringy ______ that aligns in the cervical canal to guide sperm from the vagina into the uterus.
stromal, epithelial cells, 4, 7, thickens, stromal cells, endometrial glands, blood vessels, 3, 5, endometrial glands, cervical, mucus
103
SECRETORY PHASE (PROGESTATIONAL PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS AFTER OVULATION.
After ovulation, ______ and ______ are secreted in large quantities by the ______. ______ causes marked swelling and secretory development of the endometrium, with glands increasing in tortuosity and accumulating secretory substances. The stromal cells ______, and blood supply ______, with vessels becoming highly ______.
progesterone, estrogen, corpus luteum, Progesterone, enlarge, increases, tortuous
104
SECRETORY PHASE (PROGESTATIONAL PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS AFTER OVULATION.
At the ______ of the secretory phase, about ______ week after ovulation, the endometrium is ______ to ______ millimeters thick. These changes produce a highly secretory endometrium with stored nutrients to support implantation of a fertilized ovum. From the time a fertilized ovum enters the ______ from the ______ (which occurs ______ to ______ days after ovulation) until the time the ovum ______ (______ to ______ days after ovulation), the uterine secretions, called "______" provides nutrition for the early dividing ovum until implantation, after which the ______ digest the endometrium to nourish the embryo.
peak, 1, 5, 6, uterine cavity, fallopian tube, 3, 4, implants, 7, 9, Uterine milk, trophoblastic cells
105
MENSTRUATION
If the ovum is not fertilized, the ______ involutes about ______ days before the end of the cycle, leading to a significant drop in ______ and ______ levels. This hormonal decline causes ______ by reducing stimulation of the ______, resulting in endometrial involution to about ______% of its previous thickness. During the ______ hours before menstruation, the blood vessels in the endometrium become ______, likely due to ______ substances such as ______.
corpus luteum, 2, estrogen, progesterone, menstruation, endometrial cells, 65, 24, vasospastic, vasoconstrictor, prostaglandins
106
MENSTRUATION
______, decreased nutrients, and loss of hormonal support cause ______ of the endometrial tissue, particularly the ______. Blood seeps into the ______, leading to hemorrhagic areas that grow over ______ to ______ hours. ______ and ______ are gradually shed, and within ______ hours, most superficial endometrial layers are desquamated. ______ stimulate uterine contractions, expelling the uterine contents.
Vasospasm, necrosis, blood vessels, vascular layer, 24, 36, Necrotic tissue, blood, 48, Prostaglandins
107
MENSTRUATION
During menstruation, about ______ milliliters of blood and ______ milliliters of serous fluid are lost. Menstrual fluid usually doesn't clot due to ______, but heavy bleeding can result in clots. Menstruation typically lasts ______ to ______ days, with the endometrium re-epithelializing by the end. Excessive bleeding and large clots may indicate ______.
40, 35, fibrinolysin, 4, 7, uterine disease
108
LEUKORRHEA DURING MENSTRUATION
During menstruation, large numbers of ______ are released, along with the ______ and ______. A substance liberated by the ______ likely causes this outflow of ______. As a result of the presence of these leukocytes and possibly other factors, the uterus is highly ______ to infection during menstruation, even though the endometrial surfaces are denuded. This resistance to infection is of extreme protective value.
leukocytes, necrotic material, blood, endometrial necrosis, leukocytes, resistant
109
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
THE ______ SECRETES GNRH, WHICH STIMULATES THE ______ TO SECRETE LH AND FSH
HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
110
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
The hypothalamus secretes ______ (______).
GnRH, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
111
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
GnRH stimulates the ______ to release ______ and ______.
anterior pituitary gland, LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
112
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Anterior pituitary hormone secretion is generally regulated by releasing hormones from the ______.
hypothalamus
113
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
______ is a specific releasing hormone for the gonadotropins (______ and ______). It is transported to the anterior pituitary via the ______.
GnRH, LH, FSH, hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system
114
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
GnRH is a ______ with the following amino acid sequence: ______.
decapeptide, Glu ‐ His ‐ Trp ‐ Ser ‐ Tyr ‐ Gly ‐ Leu ‐ Arg ‐ Pro ‐ Gly ‐ NH2
115
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland
GnRH is secreted by the ______ in ______, not continuously.
hypothalamus, pulses
116
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Each pulse lasts between ______ to ______ minutes and occurs every ______ to ______ hours.
5, 25, 1, 2
117
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Pulsatile GnRH secretion triggers the release of ______ from the ______ in a similar ______ pattern.
LH, anterior pituitary, pulsatile
118
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland
______ (______) GnRH infusion disrupts the release of ______ and ______, indicating that ______ secretion is essential for GnRH function.
Continuous, non-pulsatile, LH, FSH, pulsatile
119
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland
Pulsatile GnRH release leads to intermittent LH secretion approximately every ______ minutes.
90
120
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Hypothalamic Centers for Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Pulsatile GnRH release in humans mainly occurs in the ______, especially the ______.
mediobasal hypothalamus, arcuate nuclei
121
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Hypothalamic Centers for Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Neurons in the ______ of the ______ also release GnRH in smaller amounts.
preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus
122
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Hypothalamic Centers for Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
The ______ (______) sends signals to the hypothalamus to adjust the strength and timing of GnRH pulses. This connection helps explain why ______ factors can influence female reproductive function.
limbic system, emotional control center, emotional
123
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
______ EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO DECREASE ______ AND ______ SECRETION
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, LH, FSH
124
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Small amounts of ______ strongly inhibit the production of LH and FSH.
estrogen
125
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
______ enhances the inhibitory effect of estrogen, despite having little effect on its own.
Progesterone
126
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO DECREASE LH AND FSH SECRETION
These feedback effects primarily act on the ______.
anterior pituitary gland
127
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Estrogen and progesterone also have a lesser inhibitory effect on the ______, reducing ______ secretion.
hypothalamus, GnRH
128
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO DECREASE LH AND FSH SECRETION
The presence of these hormones alters the ______ of GnRH pulses.
frequency
129
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
______ From the Corpus Luteum Inhibits FSH and LH Secretion.
Inhibin
130
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Inhibin is a hormone secreted by the ______ of the ovarian ______.
granulosa cells, corpus luteum
131
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Like Sertoli cells in males, inhibin inhibits the secretion of ______ from the ______.
FSH, anterior pituitary gland
132
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Inhibin also reduces ______ secretion, but to a lesser extent.
LH
133
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Inhibin - The hormone plays a key role in ______ FSH and LH levels at the end of the monthly female reproductive cycle.
decreasing
134
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
Inhibin works alongside ______ and ______ in regulating these hormone levels.
estrogen, progesterone
135
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE ______
PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
136
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
The anterior pituitary gland releases significantly increased amounts of ______ for ______ to ______ days, starting ______ to ______ hours before ovulation.
LH, 1, 2, 24, 48
137
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
A smaller surge of ______ also occurs during this preovulatory phase.
FSH
138
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
______ at a critical rate for ______ to ______ days in the first half of the ovarian cycle leads to rapid growth of ______ and increased ______ secretion.
Estrogen infusion, 2, 3, ovarian follicles, estrogen
139
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
Initially, FSH and LH secretion is slightly ______, but LH increases ______- to ______-fold and FSH increases about ______-fold before ovulation.
suppressed, 6, 8, 2
140
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
The exact cause of the LH surge is unclear, but possible explanations include:
1. Estrogen has a ______ effect that stimulates ______ (and to a lesser extent, ______) secretion, unlike its usual ______ during the rest of the cycle.
2. ______ start secreting small amounts of ______ shortly before the LH surge, which may contribute to ______ LH secretion.
positive feedback, LH, FSH, negative feedback, Granulosa cells, progesterone, increased
141
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE
The preovulatory ______ surge is essential for ovulation to occur.
LH
142
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:
Postovulatory Secretion
Follicular Growth Phase
Preovulatory Surge
143
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:
Postovulatory Secretion - After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes large amounts of ______, ______, and ______, which suppress the release of ______ and ______ from the ______ and ______. This results in the ______ levels of these hormones about ______ to ______ days before menstruation begins.
progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, FSH, LH, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus, lowest, 3, 4
144
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:
Follicular Growth Phase - ______ to ______ days before menstruation, the corpus luteum starts to ______, leading to a ______ in estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin. This removes the ______, allowing ______ levels to increase about ______-fold as menstruation starts. A few days later, ______ levels also begin to rise, stimulating new ovarian ______ and increasing ______ secretion, peaking around ______ to ______ days into the new cycle.
Two, 3, break down, decrease, negative feedback, FSH, 2, LH, follicle growth, estrogen, 12.5, 13
145
REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES
FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:
Preovulatory Surge - About ______ to ______ days after the cycle begins, ______ and ______ secretion sharply rises due to high ______ levels (or the beginning of ______ release) creating a ______ effect. This surge in ______ (and to a lesser extent, ______) triggers ______ and the development of the ______, restarting the hormonal cycle.
11.5, 12, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, positive feedback, LH, FSH, ovulation, corpus luteum
146
______: Occur when the LH surge is insufficient to trigger ovulation.
Anovulatory Cycles
147
Anovulatory Cycles
Results in:
Lack of ______ development and minimal ______ secretion in the ______ cycle phase.
______ cycle duration but continued ______.
corpus luteum, progesterone, latter, Shortened, rhythmicity
148
First cycles post-puberty and those leading to menopause are often ______ due to inadequate ______ surges.
anovulatory, LH
149
______ marks the onset of adult sexual life
Puberty
150
______ signifies the beginning of menstruation.
Menarche
151
The puberty period is characterized by gradual increases in ______ secretion by the ______, starting around age ______ and typically leading to menstruation between ages ______ and ______ (average age ______).
gonadotropic hormone, pituitary, eight, 10, 14, 12
152
The hypothalamus does not release significant ______ during childhood but can secrete it when appropriately stimulated, indicating that the onset of puberty may be triggered by a ______ process in the ______, potentially within the ______.
GnRH, maturation, brain, limbic system
153
Estrogen levels ______ at puberty, ______ cyclically, ______ in the early reproductive years, ______ toward the end of reproductive life, and are nearly ______ after menopause.
increase, fluctuate, peak, decrease, absent
154
______ marks the end of the menstrual cycle and occurs as ovarian function diminishes, leading to a nearly complete cessation of ______ and ______ production.
Menopause, estrogen, progesterone
155
Menopause occurs when the ovaries "______" as the remaining ______ decline sharply around age ______, reducing ______ production.
burn out, primordial follicles, 45, estrogen
156
MENOPAUSE
With fewer follicles available to respond, ______ levels drop below the threshold needed to inhibit ______ and ______, causing an ______ in these gonadotropins.
estrogen, FSH, LH, increase
157
Post-menopause, estrogen production by the ovaries falls to nearly ______, while ______ and ______ levels remain elevated continuously.
zero, FSH, LH
158
MENOPAUSE
The reduction in estrogen can lead to symptoms such as:
1. Hot flushes and skin flushing
2. Dyspnea (breathlessness)
3. Irritability
4. Fatigue
5. Anxiety
6. Decreased bone strength and calcification
159
FEMALE SEXUAL ACT
STIMULATION OF SEXUAL DESIRE
Female sexual desire is influenced by both ______ and ______ stimulation, increasing with ______ sex hormone levels, especially around ______ when ______ peaks.
psychological, local, higher, ovulation, estrogen
160
FEMALE SEXUAL ACT
STIMULATION OF SEXUAL DESIRE
______ Stimulation: Sexual desire can be triggered by ______ thoughts and is influenced by ______.
Psychic, sexual, sex hormone levels
161
FEMALE SEXUAL ACT
STIMULATION OF SEXUAL DESIRE
______ Stimulation: Stimulation of areas such as the ______, ______, and especially the ______ can trigger sexual sensations. These signals are carried to the ______ and ______, leading to sexual response through reflex actions.
Local, vulva, vagina, clitoris, sacral spinal cord, brain
162
FEMALE SEXUAL ACT
ERECTION AND LUBRICATION
Erectile Tissue: Located around the ______ and ______, similar to the male, and controlled by ______ signals that promote ______ and tightening of the ______, aiding male stimulation.
introitus, clitoris, parasympathetic, blood flow, introitus
163
FEMALE SEXUAL ACT
ERECTION AND LUBRICATION
Lubrication: Mucus is produced by the ______ and ______, providing necessary lubrication for a comfortable experience and optimal sensory stimulation.
Bartholin glands, vaginal epithelium
164
FEMALE ORGASM
Also called ______
female climax
165
FEMALE ORGASM
Initiated when sexual stimulation reaches peak ______, and enhanced by ______, the female orgasm involves rhythmic contractions of ______, similar to male ejaculation.
intensity, cerebral signals, perineal muscles
166
FEMALE ORGASM
The contractions may increase ______ and ______ motility, aiding ______ movement toward the ovum.
uterine, fallopian tube, sperm
167
FEMALE ORGASM
The orgasm may cause the cervical canal to ______ temporarily, facilitating ______.
dilate, sperm transport
168
FEMALE ORGASM
After orgasm, the body relaxes, leading to a sense of peaceful satisfaction known as "______."
resolution
