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2A Physiology Finals > THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Two Major Phases:

A
  1. Preparation for conception and pregnancy
  2. Pregnancy period
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2
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Principal Organs:

A

Ovaries
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
Vagina

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3
Q

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS

Reproduction begins with the development of ______ in the ______. Around the ______ of each monthly cycle, a single ______ is released from an ______ into the ______ near the ______. The ovum travels through a ______ to the ______; if fertilized by sperm, it implants in the ______, where it develops into a ______, ______, and ______, eventually becoming a baby.

A

ova, ovaries, middle, ovum, ovarian follicle, abdominal cavity, fallopian tubes, fallopian tube, uterus, uterus, fetus, placenta, fetal membranes

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4
Q

______ is the process through which a developing egg (______) matures into an ovum. During early embryonic development, ______ migrate from the ______ to the ______, becoming ______. Each oogonium, surrounded by ______, forms a ______ with an immature primary ______.

A

Oogenesis, oocyte, primordial germ cells, yolk sac, ovaries, oogonia, granulosa cells, primordial follicle, oocyte

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5
Q

OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES

By the fifth month of fetal development, oogonia enter ______, pausing in ______ until ______. After ______, meiosis resumes; the first division produces a ______ and a ______. Meiosis pauses again until ______, at which point the ovum completes ______, releasing a ______.

A

meiosis, prophase I, puberty, puberty, secondary oocyte, polar body, fertilization, meiosis, second polar body

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6
Q

OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES

Oocyte Reserve:
______-______ million at birth, ______ at puberty.

A

1, 2, 300,000

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7
Q

OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES

Oocyte Reserve:
Only ______-______ mature and ovulate (ages ______-______);rest ______.

A

400, 500, 13, 46, degenerate

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8
Q

OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE OVARIES

Oocyte Reserve:
______: Few follicles remain, which soon degenerate

A

Menopause

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9
Q

FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM

The female hormonal system consists of three hormone levels:

A
  1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, released in response to GnRH.
  3. Estrogen and Progesterone from the ovaries, in response to FSH and LH.
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10
Q

FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM

Hormonal Release Variability in the Female Monthly Cycle

______ and ______ (gonadotropic hormones) and ______ and ______ (ovarian hormones) show significant ______ throughout the cycle.

A

FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, fluctuations

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11
Q

FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM

Hormonal Release Variability in the Female Monthly Cycle

GnRH from the ______ is released in consistent ______, approximately every ______ minutes, showing ______ drastic variation.

A

hypothalamus, short pulses, 90, less

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12
Q

FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM

Hormonal Release Variability in the Female Monthly Cycle

These hormonal changes regulate the ______, influencing ______ and preparation of the uterus for ______.

A

ovarian cycle, ovulation, pregnancy

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13
Q

MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES

The female reproductive years are marked by a ______ sexual cycle characterized by rhythmic changes in hormone secretion and corresponding physical alterations in the ______ and ______. This cycle, commonly referred to as the ______, averages ______ days but can range from ______ to ______ days in some women. Abnormal cycle lengths are often linked to ______ fertility.

A

monthly, ovaries, reproductive organs, menstrual cycle, 28, 20, 45, decreased

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14
Q

MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONES

The female sexual cycle leads to two key outcomes:

  1. Typically, only ______ ovum is released from the ovaries each month, which usually results in the development of a ______.
  2. The ______ is prepped in advance for the implantation of a fertilized ______ at the appropriate time within the cycle.
A

one, single fetus, uterine endometrium, ovum

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15
Q

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES

The changes in the ovaries during the female sexual cycle are entirely dependent on ______, specifically ______ and ______, which are secreted by the ______. Both hormones are ______ with a molecular weight of about ______.

A

gonadotropic hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anterior pituitary gland, glycoproteins, 30,000

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16
Q

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES

Inactive Ovaries: In childhood, the ovaries are inactive due to ______ levels of ______ and ______.

A

low, FSH, LH

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17
Q

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES

Onset of Puberty: Between ages ______ and ______, the pituitary begins to secrete more ______ and ______, leading to the onset of normal ______ by ages ______ to ______ (______).

A

9, 12, FSH, LH, monthly sexual cycles, 11, 15, menarche

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18
Q

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES

Cyclical Changes: Each month, ______ and ______ levels ______, causing corresponding cyclical changes in the ovaries.

A

FSH, LH, fluctuate

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19
Q

GONADOTROPIC HORMONES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE OVARIES

______ and ______ stimulate ovarian cells by binding to specific ______ on their membranes, increasing ______ and promoting ______ and ______. These effects are primarily mediated through the ______, leading to the activation of ______ and ______ of key enzymes that promote sex hormone synthesis.

A

FSH, LH, receptors, secretion rates, cell growth, proliferation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) second messenger system, protein kinases, phosphorylation

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20
Q

OVARIAN FOLLICLE GROWTH—THE FOLLICULAR PHASE OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE

At birth, each ovum is surrounded by a single layer of ______, forming a ______. Granulosa cells nourish the ______ and secrete an ______ that maintains it in a ______ during ______ of meiotic division.

A

granulosa cells, primordial follicle, ovum, inhibiting factor, primordial state, prophase

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21
Q

OVARIAN FOLLICLE GROWTH—THE FOLLICULAR PHASE OF THE OVARIAN CYCLE

After puberty, the increase in ______ and ______ secretion stimulates ______. The initial phase of follicular growth involves a ______- to ______-fold enlargement of the ______, followed by the formation of ______ through the growth of additional layers of ______.

A

FSH, LH, ovarian growth, 2, 3, ovum, primary follicles, granulosa cells

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22
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES

During the early days of each monthly cycle, the ______ releases slightly increased levels of FSH and LH, with ______ rising earlier and more than ______. This rise, particularly in FSH, stimulates accelerated growth in ______ to ______ primary follicles. The ______ within these follicles ______ rapidly, while surrounding ______ form a secondary layer, the ______.

A

anterior pituitary gland, FSH, LH, 6, 12, granulosa cells, proliferate, spindle cells, theca

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23
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES

The theca develops into two layers: the ______, which begins to produce ______ and ______, and the ______, which becomes a ______ around the follicle. As growth continues, granulosa cells secrete ______ fluid, forming an ______ within the cell mass.

A

theca interna, estrogen, progesterone, theca externa, vascular capsule, estrogen-rich, antrum

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24
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES

FSH stimulates early follicle growth up to the ______ stage.

A

antral

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25
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF ANTRAL AND VESICULAR FOLLICLES

FSH stimulates early follicle growth up to the antral stage. Then, accelerated growth occurs in vesicular follicles through several mechanisms:

A
  1. Estrogen increases FSH receptors on granulosa cells, making them more responsive to FSH.
  2. FSH and estrogen promote LH receptors on granulosa cells, allowing both FSH and LH to boost follicle growth.
  3. Rising estrogen and LH levels cause thecal cell proliferation and increase secretion.
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26
Q

Only ______ Follicle Fully Matures Each Month, and the Remainder Undergo ______.

A

One, Atresia

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27
Q

Each month, only ______ follicle fully matures while the rest undergo ______ (degeneration). After a ______ of growth, the leading follicle outpaces the others, which then ______. High estrogen from this dominant follicle reduces ______ secretion, halting growth of the other follicles. This selection process allows just one follicle, reaching ______–______ cm in diameter, to ______ and ______, typically resulting in a ______ ovum for potential fertilization.

A

one, atresia, week, involute, FSH, 1, 1.5, mature, ovulate, single

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28
Q

OVULATION

Ovulation in a woman who has a normal 28-day female sexual cycle occurs ______ days after the onset of menstruation. Shortly before ovulation, the protruding outer wall of the follicle ______ rapidly, and a small area in the center of the follicular capsule, called the ______, protrudes like a ______. Fluid leaks through the stigma, and soon after, it ruptures, releasing the ______ surrounded by ______ (______).

A

14, swells, stigma, nipple, ovum, granulosa cells, corona radiata

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29
Q

Initiation of Ovulation

LH triggers key changes necessary for ovulation:

A
  1. Theca externa cells release enzymes that weaken the follicle wall, causing stigma degeneration.
  2. New blood vessels grow, and prostaglandins cause vasodilation in the follicle wall, further increasing swelling.
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30
Q

Initiation of Ovulation

LH triggers key changes necessary for ovulation.

These combined effects—______ and ______—lead to rupture of the follicle and release of the ovum.

A

follicle swelling, stigma degeneration

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31
Q

Role of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in Ovulation

A surge in LH is essential for ovulation. About ______ days before ovulation, LH secretion from the anterior pituitary rises sharply, peaking ______ hours before ovulation. This LH spike, along with a smaller ______ increase, drives rapid ______. LH also shifts ______ and ______ to produce more ______, while ______ secretion decreases just before ovulation.

A

two, 16, FSH, follicle swelling, granulosa, theca cells, progesterone, estrogen

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32
Q

Corpus Luteum and the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle

After ovulation, the leftover granulosa and theca interna cells transform into ______, enlarging and becoming ______ due to lipid accumulation, forming the ______. This structure develops a strong blood supply and secretes large amounts of ______ and some ______, which are primarily produced by the ______. The theca cells produce ______, which are converted into ______ by ______ in ______.

A

lutein cells, yellow, corpus luteum, progesterone, estrogen, granulosa cells, androgens, estrogens, aromatase, granulosa cells

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33
Q

Corpus Luteum and the Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle

The corpus luteum reaches peak size (about ______ cm) ______–______ days post-ovulation. Around day ______, it starts to involute, loses function, and turns into the ______, eventually replaced by ______ over time.

A

1.5, 7, 8, 12, corpus albicans, connective tissue

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34
Q

FUNCTIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE

In Luteinization

LH is essential for converting ______ and ______ into ______ after ovulation, a process inhibited by a factor in follicular fluid until ovulation releases it.

A

granulosa, theca interna cells, lutein cells

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35
Q

FUNCTIONS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE

In Corpus Luteum Secretion

Following the LH surge, lutein cells ______, ______, secrete ______ and ______, and then degenerate within about ______ days unless pregnancy occurs. ______, a hormone similar to LH, can extend the corpus luteum’s ______ in early pregnancy.

A

proliferate, enlarge, progesterone, estrogen, 12, Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), lifespan

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36
Q

Involution of the Corpus Luteum and Onset of the Next Ovarian Cycle.

During the ______, progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin from the ______ suppress ______ and ______ secretion via ______. After approximately ______ days, low FSH and LH levels lead to ______, around day ______ of the cycle, reducing ______ secretion. Final involution normally occurs at the end of almost exactly ______ days of corpus luteum life, which is around the ______ day of the normal female sexual cycle, ______ days before menstruation begins.
The drop in progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin at the corpus luteum’s end releases the ______ from ______, leading to a rise in ______ and ______, triggering a new ovarian cycle and initiating ______.

A

luteal phase, corpus luteum, FSH, LH, negative feedback, 12, corpus luteum involution, 26, hormone, 12, 26th, 2, anterior pituitary, inhibition, FSH, LH, menstruation

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37
Q

Two types of ovarian sex hormones:

A

Estrogens
Progestins

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38
Q

Two types of ovarian sex hormones:

Estrogens
Primary estrogen: ______

A

Estradiol

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39
Q

Two types of ovarian sex hormones:

______
Role: Promotes proliferation and growth of cells responsible for secondary sexual characteristics in females

A

Estrogens

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40
Q

Two types of ovarian sex hormones:

Progestins
Primary progestin: ______

A

Progesterone

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41
Q

Two types of ovarian sex hormones:

______
Role: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and the breasts for lactation

A

Progestins

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42
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Estrogen
Sources in females:

In nonpregnant females: Secreted mainly by ______, with small amounts from ______

A

ovaries, adrenal cortices

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43
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Estrogen
Sources in females:

During pregnancy: Produced in large quantities by the ______

A

placenta

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44
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Three main estrogens in plasma:

A

β-Estradiol
Estrone
Estriol

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45
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Three main estrogens in plasma:

______: Primary estrogen from the ovaries; most potent (______x potency of estrone, ______x of estriol)

A

β-Estradiol, 12, 80

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46
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Three main estrogens in plasma:

______: Formed mainly in peripheral tissues from adrenal and ovarian androgens

A

Estrone

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47
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Three main estrogens in plasma:

______: Weak estrogen; oxidative product of estradiol and estrone, converted mainly in the liver

A

Estriol

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48
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

main estrogens in plasma:

Potency: ______ has the highest estrogenic effect, making it the primary estrogen despite contributions from estrone

A

β-Estradiol

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49
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Progestin
Primary Progestin: ______
Small amounts of ______ are also secreted with similar effects

A

Progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone

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50
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Progestin
Secretion in nonpregnant females:
Significant amounts released only in the latter half of the ______ by ______

A

ovarian cycle, Corpus luteum

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51
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Progestin
During pregnancy:
Large quantities of progesterone produced by the ______, especially after the ______ month

A

placenta, fourth

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52
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Estrogens and Progestins
Both are ______ synthesized mainly from ______ in the ______, with some synthesis from ______

A

steroids, cholesterol, ovaries, acetyl coenzyme A

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53
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Synthesis steps:
Initial hormones: Primarily ______ and ______ (______, ______)

A

progesterone, androgens, testosterone, androstenedione

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54
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Follicular phase:
______ and some ______ are converted into ______ by ______ in ______

A

Androgens, progesterone, estrogens, granulosa cells

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55
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Follicular phase:
Theca cells produce ______ but lack ______; androgens diffuse to ______ for conversion

A

androgens, aromatase, granulosa cells

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56
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Follicular phase:
FSH stimulates ______ in ______

A

aromatase activity, granulosa cells

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57
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Luteal phase:
Excess ______ production leads to a large release into the ______

A

progesterone, bloodstream

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58
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Testosterone secretion:
Female ovaries release about ______ the testosterone compared to male testes

A

1/15th

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59
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Estrogens and Progesterone Are Transported in the Blood Bound to Plasma Proteins.

Transport in blood: Estrogens and progesterone bind to plasma ______ and specific hormone-binding ______
Binding nature: ______ binding allows rapid release to tissues, typically within ______ minutes

A

albumin, globulins, Loose, 30

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60
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Functions of the Liver in Estrogen Degradation:

A
  1. Liver conjugates estrogens to glucuronides and sulfates
  2. Excretes one-fifth in bile; most in urine
  3. Converts potent estrogens (estradiol, estrone) to weaker estriol
  4. Reduced liver function can increase estrogen activity, causing hyperestrinism
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61
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Fate of Progesterone:
Progesterone is rapidly degraded to ______ steroids shortly after secretion.

A

inactive

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62
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Fate of Progesterone:
The liver is important for the metabolic degradation of ______, not ______.

A

estrogens, progesterone

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63
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Fate of Progesterone:
The primary end product of progesterone degradation is ______.

A

pregnanediol

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64
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Fate of Progesterone:
Approximately ______% of progesterone is excreted in urine as ______.

A

10, pregnanediol

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65
Q

CHEMISTRY OF THE SEX HORMONES

Fate of Progesterone:
The rate of ______ can be used to estimate progesterone production in the body.

A

urinary pregnanediol excretion

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66
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

promote the ______ and ______ of cells in the sex organs and other tissues associated with reproduction.

A

growth, division

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67
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Effect of Estrogens on the Uterus and External Female Sex Organs.

Estrogen secretion: Minimal during ______, increases over ______-fold at ______ due to pituitary ______

A

childhood, 20, puberty, gonadotropic hormones

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68
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Changes during puberty:

Female sex organs (______, ______, ______, ______) ______ several times in size

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, increase

69
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Changes during puberty:

______ enlarge, with fat deposition in the ______ and ______, and enlargement of the ______

A

External genitalia, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora

70
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Vaginal epithelium:

Transforms from ______ to ______ type, enhancing resistance to ______ and ______

A

cuboidal, stratified, trauma, infection

71
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Vaginal epithelium:

Estrogens can help cure ______ in children by increasing ______

A

vaginal infections, epithelial resistance

72
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Uterine changes:

Uterus size increases ______ to ______ times during the first few years after puberty

A

2, 3

73
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE ESTROGENS—THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

Uterine changes:

Estrogens stimulate proliferation of the ______ and development of ______, supporting nutrition for the implanted ______

A

endometrial stroma, endometrial glands, ovum

74
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE FALLOPIAN TUBES

Estrogens stimulate the proliferation of ______ in the ______ of the ______.

A

glandular tissues, mucosal lining, fallopian tubes

75
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE FALLOPIAN TUBES

Estrogens lead to an increase in the number of ______ lining the ______.

It enhances the activity of the ______.

The cilia beat in the direction of the ______, aiding in the movement of the fertilized ______ towards the uterus.

A

ciliated epithelial cells, fallopian tubes, cilia, uterus, ovum

76
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE BREASTS.

Estrogens cause:

A

(1) development of the stromal tissues of the breasts,
(2) growth of an extensive ductile system,
(3) deposition of fat in the breasts.

77
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE BREASTS.

The ______ and ______ of the breast develop to a slight extent under the influence of estrogens alone, but it is ______ and ______ that ultimately complete the growth and function of these structures.

A

lobules, alveoli, progesterone, prolactin

78
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE BREASTS.

In summary, the estrogens ______ growth of the breasts and of the milk-producing apparatus. They are also responsible for the characteristic ______ and external ______ of the mature female breast. However, they do not ______ the job of converting the breasts into milkproducing organs.

A

initiate, growth, appearance, complete

79
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKELETON.

Estrogens - inhibit ______ activity in the bones and therefore stimulate bone ______, a part of this effect is due to stimulation of ______, which is also called ______, a ______ that inhibits bone resorption.

A

osteoclastic, growth, osteoprotegerin, osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, cytokine

80
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKELETON.

At puberty, when the female enters her reproductive years, her growth in ______ becomes rapid for several years. However, estrogens also cause uniting of the ______ with the ______ of the ______. This effect of estrogen in the female is much ______ than the similar effect of testosterone in the male. As a result, growth of the female usually ceases several years ______ than growth of the male.

A

height, epiphyses, shafts, long bones, stronger, earlier

81
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKELETON.

A female eunuch who is devoid of estrogen production usually grows several ______ taller than a normal mature female because her ______ do not unite at the normal time.

A

inches, epiphyses

82
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE BONES CAUSED BY ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY IN OLD AGE

After menopause, almost ______ estrogens are secreted by the ovaries. This estrogen deficiency leads to:

(1) ______ osteoclastic activity in the bones;
(2) ______ bone matrix;
(3) ______ deposition of bone calcium and phosphate.

A

no, increased, decreased, decreased

83
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS OF THE BONES CAUSED BY ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY IN OLD AGE

In some women this effect is extremely ______, and the resulting condition is called ______. Because ______ can greatly weaken the bones and lead to bone fracture, especially fracture of the vertebrae, many postmenopausal women are treated prophylactically with ______ replacement to prevent the ______ effects.

A

severe, osteoporosis, osteoporosis, estrogen, osteoporotic

84
Q

ESTROGENS SLIGHTLY ______ PROTEIN DEPOSITION.

A

INCREASE

85
Q

Estrogens cause a slight ______ in total body protein, which is evidenced by a slight ______ when estrogens are administered. This effect mainly results from the growth- promoting effect of estrogen on the sexual organs, the bones, and a few other tissues of the body. The enhanced protein deposition caused by ______ is much more general and much more powerful than that caused by estrogens.

A

increase, positive nitrogen balance, testosterone

86
Q

ESTROGENS HAVE ______ EFFECT ON HAIR DISTRIBUTION.

A

LITTLE

87
Q

Estrogens do not greatly ______ hair distribution. However, hair does develop in the ______ and in the ______ after puberty. ______ formed in increased quantities by the female ______ after puberty are mainly responsible for this development of hair.

A

affect, pubic region, axillae, Androgens, adrenal glands

88
Q

ESTROGENS ______ BODY METABOLISM AND FAT DEPOSITION.

A

INCREASE

89
Q

Estrogens ______ the whole-body metabolic rate slightly, but only about ______ as much as the increase caused by ______.

A

increase, one-third, testosterone

90
Q

Estrogens also cause deposition of ______ quantities of fat in the ______. As a result, the percentage of body fat in females is considerably ______ than that in the males whose bodies contain more ______.

A

increased, subcutaneous tissues, greater, protein

91
Q

In addition, estrogens cause deposition of fat in the ______, ______ and ______, which is characteristic of the feminine figure.

A

breasts, buttocks, thighs

92
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKIN

Estrogens cause the skin to develop a texture that is ______ and usually ______, but even so, the skin of a woman is ______ than that of a child or a castrated female.

A

soft, smooth, thicker

93
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON THE SKIN

Estrogens also cause the skin to become more ______, which is often associated with increased ______ of the skin and greater ______ of cut surfaces than is observed in men.

A

vascular, warmth, bleeding

94
Q

EFFECT OF ESTROGENS ON ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

Estrogens, like ______ and some other ______ hormones, cause ______ and ______ retention by the ______. This effect of estrogens is normally slight and rarely of significance, but during pregnancy the tremendous formation of estrogens by the ______ may contribute to body ______.

A

aldosterone, adrenocortical, sodium, water, kidney tubules, placenta, fluid retention

95
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE:

A
  1. Progesterone Promotes Secretory Changes in the Uterus
  2. Progesterone Promotes Secretion by the Fallopian
    Tubes
  3. Progesterone Promotes Development of the Breasts
96
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE

Progesterone Promotes Secretory Changes in the Uterus

A major function of progesterone is to promote ______ in the ______ during the ______ of the monthly female sexual cycle, preparing the uterus for implantation of the fertilized ovum. Additionally, progesterone ______ the frequency and intensity of ______, helping to prevent ______ of the implanted ovum.

A

secretory changes, uterine endometrium, latter half, decreases, uterine
contractions, expulsion

97
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE

Progesterone Promotes Secretion by the Fallopian Tubes

Progesterone also promotes ______ secretion by the ______ of the ______. These secretions are necessary for nutrition of the fertilized, dividing ______ as it traverses the ______ before implantation.

A

increased, mucosal lining, fallopian tubes, ovum, fallopian tube

98
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE

Progesterone Promotes Development of the Breasts

Progesterone promotes the development of the ______ and ______ of the breasts, causing the alveolar cells to proliferate, enlarge, and become secretory. However, progesterone does not cause the alveoli to secrete ______; this occurs only after further stimulation by ______ from the ______.

A

lobules, alveoli, milk, prolactin, anterior pituitary gland

99
Q

FUNCTIONS OF PROGESTERONE

Progesterone Promotes Development of the Breasts

Progesterone also causes the breasts to ______, partly due to secretory development in the ______ and ______ and partly from increased ______ in the tissue.

A

swell, lobules, alveoli, fluid

100
Q

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (______ PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS BEFORE OVULATION.

SECRETORY PHASE (______ PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS AFTER OVULATION.

A

ESTROGEN, PROGESTATIONAL

101
Q

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (ESTROGEN PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS BEFORE OVULATION.

At the beginning of each monthly cycle, most of the endometrium has been desquamated by ______. After menstruation, only a thin layer of ______ remains, with ______ left in the ______ portions of the ______ and ______.

A

menstruation, endometrial stroma, epithelial cells, deeper, glands, crypts

102
Q

PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (ESTROGEN PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS BEFORE OVULATION.

Under the influence of estrogens, the ______ and ______ proliferate rapidly, re-epithelializing the endometrial surface within ______ to ______ days. During the next week and a half, before ovulation, the endometrium ______ significantly due to the growth of ______, ______, and new ______. At the time of ovulation, the endometrium is ______ to ______ millimeters thick. The ______, particularly in the ______ region, secrete thin, stringy ______ that aligns in the cervical canal to guide sperm from the vagina into the uterus.

A

stromal, epithelial cells, 4, 7, thickens, stromal cells, endometrial glands, blood vessels, 3, 5, endometrial glands, cervical, mucus

103
Q

SECRETORY PHASE (PROGESTATIONAL PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS AFTER OVULATION.

After ovulation, ______ and ______ are secreted in large quantities by the ______. ______ causes marked swelling and secretory development of the endometrium, with glands increasing in tortuosity and accumulating secretory substances. The stromal cells ______, and blood supply ______, with vessels becoming highly ______.

A

progesterone, estrogen, corpus luteum, Progesterone, enlarge, increases, tortuous

104
Q

SECRETORY PHASE (PROGESTATIONAL PHASE) OF THE ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE OCCURS AFTER OVULATION.

At the ______ of the secretory phase, about ______ week after ovulation, the endometrium is ______ to ______ millimeters thick. These changes produce a highly secretory endometrium with stored nutrients to support implantation of a fertilized ovum. From the time a fertilized ovum enters the ______ from the ______ (which occurs ______ to ______ days after ovulation) until the time the ovum ______ (______ to ______ days after ovulation), the uterine secretions, called “______” provides nutrition for the early dividing ovum until implantation, after which the ______ digest the endometrium to nourish the embryo.

A

peak, 1, 5, 6, uterine cavity, fallopian tube, 3, 4, implants, 7, 9, Uterine milk, trophoblastic cells

105
Q

MENSTRUATION

If the ovum is not fertilized, the ______ involutes about ______ days before the end of the cycle, leading to a significant drop in ______ and ______ levels. This hormonal decline causes ______ by reducing stimulation of the ______, resulting in endometrial involution to about ______% of its previous thickness. During the ______ hours before menstruation, the blood vessels in the endometrium become ______, likely due to ______ substances such as ______.

A

corpus luteum, 2, estrogen, progesterone, menstruation, endometrial cells, 65, 24, vasospastic, vasoconstrictor, prostaglandins

106
Q

MENSTRUATION

______, decreased nutrients, and loss of hormonal support cause ______ of the endometrial tissue, particularly the ______. Blood seeps into the ______, leading to hemorrhagic areas that grow over ______ to ______ hours. ______ and ______ are gradually shed, and within ______ hours, most superficial endometrial layers are desquamated. ______ stimulate uterine contractions, expelling the uterine contents.

A

Vasospasm, necrosis, blood vessels, vascular layer, 24, 36, Necrotic tissue, blood, 48, Prostaglandins

107
Q

MENSTRUATION

During menstruation, about ______ milliliters of blood and ______ milliliters of serous fluid are lost. Menstrual fluid usually doesn’t clot due to ______, but heavy bleeding can result in clots. Menstruation typically lasts ______ to ______ days, with the endometrium re-epithelializing by the end. Excessive bleeding and large clots may indicate ______.

A

40, 35, fibrinolysin, 4, 7, uterine disease

108
Q

LEUKORRHEA DURING MENSTRUATION

During menstruation, large numbers of ______ are released, along with the ______ and ______. A substance liberated by the ______ likely causes this outflow of ______. As a result of the presence of these leukocytes and possibly other factors, the uterus is highly ______ to infection during menstruation, even though the endometrial surfaces are denuded. This resistance to infection is of extreme protective value.

A

leukocytes, necrotic material, blood, endometrial necrosis, leukocytes, resistant

109
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

THE ______ SECRETES GNRH, WHICH STIMULATES THE ______ TO SECRETE LH AND FSH

A

HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

110
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

The hypothalamus secretes ______ (______).

A

GnRH, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

111
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

GnRH stimulates the ______ to release ______ and ______.

A

anterior pituitary gland, LH (Luteinizing Hormone), FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

112
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Anterior pituitary hormone secretion is generally regulated by releasing hormones from the ______.

A

hypothalamus

113
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

______ is a specific releasing hormone for the gonadotropins (______ and ______). It is transported to the anterior pituitary via the ______.

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

114
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

GnRH is a ______ with the following amino acid sequence: ______.

A

decapeptide, Glu ‐ His ‐ Trp ‐ Ser ‐ Tyr ‐ Gly ‐ Leu ‐ Arg ‐ Pro ‐ Gly ‐ NH2

115
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland

GnRH is secreted by the ______ in ______, not continuously.

A

hypothalamus, pulses

116
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Each pulse lasts between ______ to ______ minutes and occurs every ______ to ______ hours.

A

5, 25, 1, 2

117
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Pulsatile GnRH secretion triggers the release of ______ from the ______ in a similar ______ pattern.

A

LH, anterior pituitary, pulsatile

118
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland

______ (______) GnRH infusion disrupts the release of ______ and ______, indicating that ______ secretion is essential for GnRH function.

A

Continuous, non-pulsatile, LH, FSH, pulsatile

119
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Intermittent, Pulsatile Secretion of GnRH by the Hypothalamus Stimulates Pulsatile Release of LH From the Anterior Pituitary Gland

Pulsatile GnRH release leads to intermittent LH secretion approximately every ______ minutes.

A

90

120
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Hypothalamic Centers for Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Pulsatile GnRH release in humans mainly occurs in the ______, especially the ______.

A

mediobasal hypothalamus, arcuate nuclei

121
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Hypothalamic Centers for Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

Neurons in the ______ of the ______ also release GnRH in smaller amounts.

A

preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus

122
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Hypothalamic Centers for Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

The ______ (______) sends signals to the hypothalamus to adjust the strength and timing of GnRH pulses. This connection helps explain why ______ factors can influence female reproductive function.

A

limbic system, emotional control center, emotional

123
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

______ EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO DECREASE ______ AND ______ SECRETION

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, LH, FSH

124
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Small amounts of ______ strongly inhibit the production of LH and FSH.

A

estrogen

125
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

______ enhances the inhibitory effect of estrogen, despite having little effect on its own.

A

Progesterone

126
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO DECREASE LH AND FSH SECRETION

These feedback effects primarily act on the ______.

A

anterior pituitary gland

127
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Estrogen and progesterone also have a lesser inhibitory effect on the ______, reducing ______ secretion.

A

hypothalamus, GnRH

128
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO DECREASE LH AND FSH SECRETION

The presence of these hormones alters the ______ of GnRH pulses.

A

frequency

129
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

______ From the Corpus Luteum Inhibits FSH and LH Secretion.

A

Inhibin

130
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Inhibin is a hormone secreted by the ______ of the ovarian ______.

A

granulosa cells, corpus luteum

131
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Like Sertoli cells in males, inhibin inhibits the secretion of ______ from the ______.

A

FSH, anterior pituitary gland

132
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Inhibin also reduces ______ secretion, but to a lesser extent.

A

LH

133
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Inhibin - The hormone plays a key role in ______ FSH and LH levels at the end of the monthly female reproductive cycle.

A

decreasing

134
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

Inhibin works alongside ______ and ______ in regulating these hormone levels.

A

estrogen, progesterone

135
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE ______

A

PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

136
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

The anterior pituitary gland releases significantly increased amounts of ______ for ______ to ______ days, starting ______ to ______ hours before ovulation.

A

LH, 1, 2, 24, 48

137
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

A smaller surge of ______ also occurs during this preovulatory phase.

A

FSH

138
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

______ at a critical rate for ______ to ______ days in the first half of the ovarian cycle leads to rapid growth of ______ and increased ______ secretion.

A

Estrogen infusion, 2, 3, ovarian follicles, estrogen

139
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

Initially, FSH and LH secretion is slightly ______, but LH increases ______- to ______-fold and FSH increases about ______-fold before ovulation.

A

suppressed, 6, 8, 2

140
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

The exact cause of the LH surge is unclear, but possible explanations include:
1. Estrogen has a ______ effect that stimulates ______ (and to a lesser extent, ______) secretion, unlike its usual ______ during the rest of the cycle.
2. ______ start secreting small amounts of ______ shortly before the LH surge, which may contribute to ______ LH secretion.

A

positive feedback, LH, FSH, negative feedback, Granulosa cells, progesterone, increased

141
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

POSITIVE FEEDBACK EFFECT OF ESTROGEN BEFORE OVULATION—THE PREOVULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE SURGE

The preovulatory ______ surge is essential for ovulation to occur.

A

LH

142
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:

A

Postovulatory Secretion
Follicular Growth Phase
Preovulatory Surge

143
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:

Postovulatory Secretion - After ovulation, the corpus luteum secretes large amounts of ______, ______, and ______, which suppress the release of ______ and ______ from the ______ and ______. This results in the ______ levels of these hormones about ______ to ______ days before menstruation begins.

A

progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, FSH, LH, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus, lowest, 3, 4

144
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:

Follicular Growth Phase - ______ to ______ days before menstruation, the corpus luteum starts to ______, leading to a ______ in estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin. This removes the ______, allowing ______ levels to increase about ______-fold as menstruation starts. A few days later, ______ levels also begin to rise, stimulating new ovarian ______ and increasing ______ secretion, peaking around ______ to ______ days into the new cycle.

A

Two, 3, break down, decrease, negative feedback, FSH, 2, LH, follicle growth, estrogen, 12.5, 13

145
Q

REGULATION OF FEMALE MONTHLY RHYTHM-INTERPLAY BETWEEN OVARIAN AND HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY HORMONES

FEEDBACK OSCILLATION OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-OVARIAN SYSTEM:

Preovulatory Surge - About ______ to ______ days after the cycle begins, ______ and ______ secretion sharply rises due to high ______ levels (or the beginning of ______ release) creating a ______ effect. This surge in ______ (and to a lesser extent, ______) triggers ______ and the development of the ______, restarting the hormonal cycle.

A

11.5, 12, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, positive feedback, LH, FSH, ovulation, corpus luteum

146
Q

______: Occur when the LH surge is insufficient to trigger ovulation.

A

Anovulatory Cycles

147
Q

Anovulatory Cycles

Results in:
Lack of ______ development and minimal ______ secretion in the ______ cycle phase.
______ cycle duration but continued ______.

A

corpus luteum, progesterone, latter, Shortened, rhythmicity

148
Q

First cycles post-puberty and those leading to menopause are often ______ due to inadequate ______ surges.

A

anovulatory, LH

149
Q

______ marks the onset of adult sexual life

A

Puberty

150
Q

______ signifies the beginning of menstruation.

A

Menarche

151
Q

The puberty period is characterized by gradual increases in ______ secretion by the ______, starting around age ______ and typically leading to menstruation between ages ______ and ______ (average age ______).

A

gonadotropic hormone, pituitary, eight, 10, 14, 12

152
Q

The hypothalamus does not release significant ______ during childhood but can secrete it when appropriately stimulated, indicating that the onset of puberty may be triggered by a ______ process in the ______, potentially within the ______.

A

GnRH, maturation, brain, limbic system

153
Q

Estrogen levels ______ at puberty, ______ cyclically, ______ in the early reproductive years, ______ toward the end of reproductive life, and are nearly ______ after menopause.

A

increase, fluctuate, peak, decrease, absent

154
Q

______ marks the end of the menstrual cycle and occurs as ovarian function diminishes, leading to a nearly complete cessation of ______ and ______ production.

A

Menopause, estrogen, progesterone

155
Q

Menopause occurs when the ovaries “______” as the remaining ______ decline sharply around age ______, reducing ______ production.

A

burn out, primordial follicles, 45, estrogen

156
Q

MENOPAUSE

With fewer follicles available to respond, ______ levels drop below the threshold needed to inhibit ______ and ______, causing an ______ in these gonadotropins.

A

estrogen, FSH, LH, increase

157
Q

Post-menopause, estrogen production by the ovaries falls to nearly ______, while ______ and ______ levels remain elevated continuously.

A

zero, FSH, LH

158
Q

MENOPAUSE

The reduction in estrogen can lead to symptoms such as:

A
  1. Hot flushes and skin flushing
  2. Dyspnea (breathlessness)
  3. Irritability
  4. Fatigue
  5. Anxiety
  6. Decreased bone strength and calcification
159
Q

FEMALE SEXUAL ACT

STIMULATION OF SEXUAL DESIRE

Female sexual desire is influenced by both ______ and ______ stimulation, increasing with ______ sex hormone levels, especially around ______ when ______ peaks.

A

psychological, local, higher, ovulation, estrogen

160
Q

FEMALE SEXUAL ACT

STIMULATION OF SEXUAL DESIRE

______ Stimulation: Sexual desire can be triggered by ______ thoughts and is influenced by ______.

A

Psychic, sexual, sex hormone levels

161
Q

FEMALE SEXUAL ACT

STIMULATION OF SEXUAL DESIRE

______ Stimulation: Stimulation of areas such as the ______, ______, and especially the ______ can trigger sexual sensations. These signals are carried to the ______ and ______, leading to sexual response through reflex actions.

A

Local, vulva, vagina, clitoris, sacral spinal cord, brain

162
Q

FEMALE SEXUAL ACT

ERECTION AND LUBRICATION

Erectile Tissue: Located around the ______ and ______, similar to the male, and controlled by ______ signals that promote ______ and tightening of the ______, aiding male stimulation.

A

introitus, clitoris, parasympathetic, blood flow, introitus

163
Q

FEMALE SEXUAL ACT

ERECTION AND LUBRICATION

Lubrication: Mucus is produced by the ______ and ______, providing necessary lubrication for a comfortable experience and optimal sensory stimulation.

A

Bartholin glands, vaginal epithelium

164
Q

FEMALE ORGASM

Also called ______

A

female climax

165
Q

FEMALE ORGASM

Initiated when sexual stimulation reaches peak ______, and enhanced by ______, the female orgasm involves rhythmic contractions of ______, similar to male ejaculation.

A

intensity, cerebral signals, perineal muscles

166
Q

FEMALE ORGASM

The contractions may increase ______ and ______ motility, aiding ______ movement toward the ovum.

A

uterine, fallopian tube, sperm

167
Q

FEMALE ORGASM

The orgasm may cause the cervical canal to ______ temporarily, facilitating ______.

A

dilate, sperm transport

168
Q

FEMALE ORGASM

After orgasm, the body relaxes, leading to a sense of peaceful satisfaction known as “______.”

A

resolution

2A Physiology Finals (4 decks)

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