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2A Physiology Finals > FAMILY PLANNING > Flashcards

FAMILY PLANNING Flashcards

1
Q

Definition

Empowers individuals or couples to decide the ______, ______, and ______ of their children.

A

number, timing, spacing

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2
Q

Definition

It provides access to ______, ______, and ______.

A

contraception, reproductive health education, healthcare services

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3
Q

Definition

Promotes ______ and ______ health by preventing unintended pregnancies and high-risk births.

A

maternal, child

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4
Q

Definition

Supports gender equality and sustainable development through ______.

A

reproductive autonomy

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5
Q

Definition

Offers ______ options, ______ management, and ______ prevention.

A

contraceptive, fertility, STI

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6
Q

Definition

Addresses both ______ and ______ needs for reproductive health.

A

societal, individual

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7
Q

Definition

Ensures access to ______ and ______ appropriate healthcare services.

A

affordable, culturally

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8
Q

Definition

Contributes to ______ management and ______ stability.

A

population, economic

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9
Q

Definition

Improves the quality of life for ______ and ______.

A

families, communities

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10
Q

Definition

Reduces ______, ______, and ______.

A

health risks, maternal mortality, infant mortality rates

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11
Q

Importance

Family planning enhances ______, ______, and ______ well-being.

A

individual, family, societal

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12
Q

Importance

Ensures planned pregnancies, reducing risks of ______ or ______ pregnancies.

A

unintended, high-risk

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13
Q

Importance

Promotes proper birth ______, improving maternal recovery and child health.

A

spacing

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14
Q

Importance

Prevents unsafe ______ and reduces maternal and infant ______.

A

abortions, mortality

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15
Q

Importance

Supports ______ by empowering women to make reproductive choices and pursue education or careers.

A

gender equality

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16
Q

Importance

Reduces ______ on families and contributes to ______.

A

economic strain, poverty alleviation

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17
Q

Importance

Helps manage ______, easing pressure on ______, ______, and ______.

A

population growth, resources, infrastructure, public services

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18
Q

Importance

Fosters ______ development and improves overall ______ of life.

A

sustainable, quality

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19
Q

Reproductive Physiology Recall

Menstrual Cycle:

A
  1. Ovarian Cycle
  2. Endometrial Cycle
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20
Q

Reproductive Physiology Recall

Menstrual Cycle

Ovarian Cycle:

A

Follicular Phase
Ovulation
Luteal Phase

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21
Q

Reproductive Physiology Recall

Menstrual Cycle

Endometrial Cycle:

A

Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase
Menstrual Phase

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22
Q

Reproductive Physiology Recall

Hormonal Regulation

Hypothalamus secretes ______, causing ______ and ______ secretion

A

GnRH, LH, FSH

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23
Q

Reproductive Physiology Recall

Hormonal Regulation

Negative feedback of ______ and ______ decreases ______ and ______ secretion

A

estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH

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24
Q

Reproductive Physiology Recall

Hormonal Regulation

Inhibin inhibits ______ and ______ secretion

A

FSH, LH

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25
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF CONTRACEPTION

Methods of contraception include ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, ______, male and female ______, ______ methods, ______ and ______ methods. These methods have different mechanisms of action and effectiveness in preventing unintended pregnancy.

A

oral contraceptive pills, implants, injectables, patches, vaginal rings, intra uterine devices, condoms, sterilization, lactational amenorrhea, withdrawal, fertility awareness-based

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26
Q

______ refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy that involve external interventions or products, rather than relying on natural body processes. These methods are designed to interfere with the body’s ______ through ______, ______, or ______ means.

A

Artificial contraception, reproductive system, physical, chemical, hormonal

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27
Q

BARRIER METHODS:

A

CONDOMS (MALE AND FEMALE)
DIAPHRAGM
CERVICAL CAP
SPERMICIDES

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28
Q

______ help prevent pregnancy by blocking sperm from entering the uterus.

A

Barrier methods

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29
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______: A thin latex or polyurethane sheath worn over the penis to prevent sperm from entering the vagina.

A

Male condom

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30
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______: A pouch worn inside the vagina to prevent sperm from reaching the cervix.

A

Female condom

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31
Q

BARRIER METHODS

CONDOMS (MALE AND FEMALE)
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

85

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32
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Advantages: Also protects against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

A

CONDOMS (MALE AND FEMALE)

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33
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Disadvantages: Can break or slip off, may interrupt spontaneity, and some people may be allergic to latex.

A

CONDOMS (MALE AND FEMALE)

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34
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- A dome-shaped silicone cup inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix, often used with spermicide.

A

DIAPHRAGM

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35
Q

BARRIER METHODS

DIAPHRAGM
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

88

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36
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Advantages: Can be inserted hours before
intercourse.

A

DIAPHRAGM

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37
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Disadvantages: Requires fitting by a healthcare provider and must be used with spermicide to be effective.

A

DIAPHRAGM

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38
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Similar to the diaphragm but smaller, it fits over the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

A

CERVICAL CAP

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39
Q

BARRIER METHODS

CERVICAL CAP
- Effectiveness: ______–______% effective.

A

71, 86

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40
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Advantages: Discreet and reusable.

A

CERVICAL CAP

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41
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Disadvantages: Must be fitted by a doctor and needs spermicide for effectiveness.

A

CERVICAL CAP

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42
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Chemical agents (foam, gel, cream, film) inserted into the vagina before intercourse to kill or immobilize sperm.

A

SPERMICIDES

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43
Q

BARRIER METHODS

SPERMICIDES
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

72

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44
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Advantages: Easy to use and can be purchased
without a prescription.

A

SPERMICIDES

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45
Q

BARRIER METHODS

______
- Disadvantages: Less effective on its own and can cause irritation or allergic reactions.

A

SPERMICIDES

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46
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION:

A

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH
CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTIONS
CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS
VAGINAL RING

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47
Q

______: These methods involve hormones that alter the woman’s natural menstrual cycle to prevent pregnancy.

A

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

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48
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Contain synthetic hormones (estrogen and/or progestin) that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus.

A

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

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49
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

91

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50
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Advantages: Regulates periods, can reduce acne
and menstrual cramps.

A

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

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51
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Disadvantages: Must be taken daily at the same time, side effects may include nausea, headaches, and mood changes.

A

BIRTH CONTROL PILLS

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52
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- A small, sticky patch worn on the skin that releases hormones (estrogen and progestin) into the bloodstream.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH

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53
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

91

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54
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Advantages: Weekly application, easy to use.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH

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55
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Disadvantages: Can cause skin irritation and may not be as effective in women who weigh over 198 pounds.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH

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56
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Progestin-only shots administered by a healthcare provider every three months.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTIONS

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57
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTIONS
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

94

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58
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Advantages: Convenient, reduces the risk of
pregnancy for three months.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTIONS

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59
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Disadvantages: Requires regular visits to the doctor, may cause weight gain or changes in mood.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE INJECTIONS

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60
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Small rods or capsules placed under the skin of the arm that release progestin to prevent ovulation.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS

61
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS
- Effectiveness: ______% effective.

A

99

62
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Advantages: Long-lasting (3–5 years), low
maintenance.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS

63
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Disadvantages: Requires a healthcare provider for insertion and removal, can cause irregular bleeding.

A

CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS

64
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- A flexible ring inserted into the vagina that releases estrogen and progestin.

A

VAGINAL RING

65
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

VAGINAL RING
- Effectiveness: ______% effective with typical use.

A

91

66
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Advantages: Monthly use, does not require daily attention.

A

VAGINAL RING

67
Q

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION

______
- Disadvantages: Can cause vaginal irritation, must be removed after 3 weeks.

A

VAGINAL RING

68
Q

______: These are small contraceptive devices that are inserted into the uterus (womb) to prevent pregnancy. The 2 types available are the ______ and the ______.

A

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES, copper IUD, hormonal IUD

69
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

______
- A T-shaped plastic and copper device inserted into the uterus that prevents sperm from fertilizing an egg.

A

COPPER IUD

70
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

COPPER IUD
- Effectiveness: ______% effective.

A

99

71
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

______
- Advantages: Long-term protection (up to 10 years), no hormones involved, can be used as emergency contraception.

A

COPPER IUD

72
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

______
- Disadvantages: May cause heavier periods and cramping, requires a healthcare provider for insertion.

A

COPPER IUD

73
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

______
- A T-shaped device that releases progestin to thicken cervical mucus and prevent ovulation.

A

HORMONAL IUD

74
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

HORMONAL IUD
- Effectiveness: ______% effective.

A

99

75
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

______
- Advantages: Lasts 3-7 years, reduces menstrual
bleeding.

A

HORMONAL IUD

76
Q

INTRAUTERINE DEVICES

______
- Disadvantages: Can cause irregular bleeding or spotting in the first few months, requires a healthcare provider for insertion.

A

HORMONAL IUD

77
Q

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION:

A

MORNING-AFTER PILL

78
Q

______ is used after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure to prevent pregnancy.

A

Emergency contraception

79
Q

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

______
- Pills (e.g., Plan B, Ella) that prevent ovulation or fertilization after unprotected sex.

A

MORNING-AFTER PILL

80
Q

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

MORNING-AFTER PILL
- Effectiveness: ______–______% effective depending on timing (most effective within ______ hours, but can work up to ______ days)

A

75, 89, 72, 5

81
Q

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

______
- Advantages: Can be taken after intercourse, no prescription needed for some brands.

A

MORNING-AFTER PILL

82
Q

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

______
- Disadvantages: Less effective the longer the delay after intercourse, may cause nausea or irregular bleeding.

A

MORNING-AFTER PILL

83
Q

PERMANENT METHODS:

A

STERILIZATION (TUBAL LIGATION)
VASECTOMY

84
Q

______: These are irreversible forms of contraception.

A

PERMANENT METHODS

85
Q

PERMANENT METHODS

______
- A surgical procedure where a woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked, preventing eggs from reaching the uterus.

A

STERILIZATION (TUBAL LIGATION)

86
Q

PERMANENT METHODS

STERILIZATION (TUBAL LIGATION)
- Effectiveness: ______% effective.
- Advantages: ______ and highly ______.

A

99, Permanent, effective

87
Q

PERMANENT METHODS

______
- Disadvantages: Permanent, requires surgery, and may not be suitable for those who may want children later.

A

STERILIZATION (TUBAL LIGATION)

88
Q

PERMANENT METHODS

______
- A surgical procedure where a man’s vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm) are cut or blocked.

A

VASECTOMY

89
Q

PERMANENT METHODS

VASECTOMY
- Effectiveness: ______% effective.
- Advantages: ______, highly ______.

A

99, Permanent, effective

90
Q

PERMANENT METHODS

______
- Disadvantages: Requires surgery, and may not be immediately effective (needs follow-up sperm analysis).

A

VASECTOMY

91
Q

CONCEPTION PROCESS AND FERTILITY:

A

Fertilization Mechanism
Factors Influencing Fertility
Fertility Window in Menstrual Cycle

92
Q

______ refers to the biological processes and strategies through which male and female gametes (sperm and egg) fuse to form a zygote.

A

Fertilization mechanism

93
Q

GENERAL STEPS IN FERTILIZATION MECHANISM:

A

Gamete Production
Gamete Transport
Recognition of Binding Genes
Fusion of Gametes
Zygote Formation

94
Q

Factors Influencing Fertility:

A

Biological
Lifestyle
Environmental
Medical
Behavioral

95
Q

Factors Influencing Fertility:

______ - age, hormonal balance, reproductive health, and genetic factors

A

Biological

96
Q

Factors Influencing Fertility:

______ - diet, body weight, smoking, alcohol, stress, physical activity

A

Lifestyle

97
Q

Factors Influencing Fertility:

______ - exposure, heat, infections, etc.

A

Environmental

98
Q

Factors Influencing Fertility:

______ - chronic illnesses, medications, past surgeries

A

Medical

99
Q

Factors Influencing Fertility:

______ - timing of intercourse, delaying parenthood, compatibility between parners

A

Behavioral

100
Q

The ______ is the 5– 6 days in the menstrual cycle when a woman is most likely to conceive. It includes the 5 days leading up to ovulation and the day of ovulation.

A

fertility window

101
Q

Tracking the Fertile Window:

A

Calendar Method
Physical Signs
Ovulation Predictor Kits (OPKs)

102
Q

Tracking the Fertile Window:

Calendar Method
In a regular 28-day cycle, the fertile window is typically day ______ to day ______.

A

10, 15

103
Q

Tracking the Fertile Window:

Calendar Method
For irregular cycles, ovulation prediction is less ______.

A

precise

104
Q

Tracking the Fertile Window:

Physical Signs
Cervical Mucus: Becomes ______, ______, and resembles raw ______ during fertile days.

A

clear, stretchy, egg whites

105
Q

Tracking the Fertile Window:

Physical Signs
Basal Body Temperature (BBT): Slightly ______ (______–______°F) after ovulation.

A

rises, 0.5, 1

106
Q

Tracking the Fertile Window:

Ovulation Predictor Kits (OPKs)
Detects the surge in ______, which occurs ______–______ hours before ovulation.

A

luteinizing hormone (LH), 24, 36

107
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING (NFT)

The physiology of the ______ and the periodicity of ______ are the basis for natural family planning.

A

menstrual cycle, fertility

108
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING (NFT)

Does not involve ______, ______, and ______ in order to help either achieve or postpone pregnancy.

A

pills, devices, surgical procedures

109
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING (NFT)

Methods are based on the observation of the naturally occurring ______ and ______ of the ______ and ______ phases of a woman’s ______.

A

signs, symptoms, fertile, infertile, menstrual cycle

110
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING (NFT)

At least ______% effective in preventing pregnancy.

A

95

111
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning:

A

Rhythm or Calendar Method
Standard Days Method
Two Day Method
Billings Ovulation Method
Basal Body Temperature Method
Symptothermal Method
Lactation Amenorrhea Method
Coitus Interruptus

112
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Inexpensive and safe way to help chart fertility or the time of month wherein pregnancy is more likely to happen by tracking the menstrual history to predict the ovulation period.

A

Rhythm or Calendar Method

113
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- In general, as many as 24 out of 100 women who use natural family planning for birth control become pregnant the first year.

A

Rhythm or Calendar Method

114
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- A more modern approach to the Calendar method

A

Standard Days Method

115
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- This method works best if the menstrual cycles are usually between 26 and 32 days long

A

Standard Days Method

116
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- It determines fertility using the probability of pregnancy relative to ovulation and that ovulation happens near mid-cycle.

A

Standard Days Method

117
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- The method is simply to avoid unprotected intercourse during cycle days 8 to 19.

A

Standard Days Method

118
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Cervical mucus sample is observed every day along with its quantity, appearance, and feel as well as noting any other fertility/physical signs

A

Billings Ovulation Method

119
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- The cervical mucus can be described as dry, watery, sticky, creamy, watery, or egg-white like depending on where you are in your cycle.

A

Billings Ovulation Method

120
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- The early day rules have to do with the days leading up to ovulation. During this time, the characteristic changes of your cervical mucus will correspond to the beginning of the fertile phase. The peak rule applies once the peak day (ovulation) has been identified.

A

Billings Ovulation Method

121
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Billings Ovulation Method
- The peak day is the last day of “______” and occurs extremely close to the time of ovulation. According to the Billings ovulation method, a woman may be fertile for another ______ days after your peak day, and menstruation should occur ______ to ______ days later

A

lubricative sensation, three, 11, 16

122
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- This method is based on cervical secretions and is similar to the Standard Days Method.

A

Two Day Method

123
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Presence or absence of secretions alone is considered sufficient for the identification of the fertile period. It is recommended to avoid unprotected intercourse every day that secretions are present, as well as on the first day after.

A

Two Day Method

124
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Relies on a lack of ovulation in the postpartum period when meeting certain criteria.

A

Lactation Amenorrhea Method

125
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Lactation Amenorrhea Method
- Women must be exclusively breastfeeding, and they must be feeding at least every ______ hours in the day and every ______ hours at night.

A

four, six

126
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Lactation Amenorrhea Method
- Only usable for the first ______ months after delivery, and the patient must not have restarted menstruation.

A

six

127
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Based on the change in body temperature that occurs shortly after ovulation, associated with secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum.

A

Basal Body Temperature Method

128
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Basal Body Temperature Method
- After ovulation, the body temperature increases and remains at the higher level until the next ______. The postovulatory (late) infertile phase of a woman’s cycle begins on the ______ day after tile temperature shift is observed.

A

menstruation, third

129
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Basal Body Temperature Method
- Women using the basal body temperature method need to record their temperature at ______, at the same ______ each day, so that they can recognize the ______ time of each cycle.

A

rest, time, infertile

130
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Basal Body Temperature Method
- The method can be used only to identify the ______ of the cycle. When a couple is using the method to avoid pregnancy, they must avoid intercourse until the ______ day after the rise in temperature.

A

post ovulatory infertile phase, third

131
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- This method is multimodal and combines awareness of cervical secretion changes with basal body temperature monitoring.

A

Symptothermal Method

132
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Symptothermal Method
- The presence of ______, ______, ______ mucus is the main indicator of the start of the fertile period of the menstrual cycle, and the elevation in ______ is considered the end of the fertile period.

A

transparent, slippery, stretchy, basal body temperature

133
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Patients should monitor their secretions several times a day, take their temperature each morning, and also check the way the cervix is positioned and feels.

A

Symptothermal Method

134
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Patients should avoid unprotected intercourse during days wherein secretions are present, all preovulatory days after days with intercourse, and until three days of higher temperatures follow six days of lower temperatures or four days after the last wet secretions (whichever is later).

A

Symptothermal Method

135
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Also called as the Withdrawal or Pulling Out Method

A

Coitus Interruptus

136
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- Most unreliable NFP Method

A

Coitus Interruptus

137
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

______
- A traditional family planning method in which the man withdraws or pulls out his penis from his partner’s vagina and ejaculates outside, keeping his semen away from her genitalia

A

Coitus Interruptus

138
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Coitus Interruptus
- The withdrawal method isn’t as ______ at preventing pregnancy as other forms of birth control.

A

effective

139
Q

Methods of Natural Family Planning

Coitus Interruptus
- It’s estimated that ______ in ______ couples who use the withdrawal method for one year will get pregnant.

A

one, five

140
Q

Benefits of Planned Pregancies:

A

Health and Wellbeing
Economic Stability
Educational Opportunities
Empowerment of Women
Reduction of Infant and Child Mortality
Environmental Sustainability

141
Q

Side Effects and Risk of Contraceptives

Combined hormonal Contraception - contains man-made forms of estrogen and progestin (Birth control pills, The vaginal ring, The patch):

A

Nausea, Headaches, Breast tenderness, Irregular periods, Higher risk of blood clot

142
Q

Side Effects and Risk of Contraceptives

Progestin-Only pills and other progestin devices (Minipills, Progestin arm implant:

A

Irregular periods,Tender breasts, Acne, Lower sex drive, Depression, Headaches, Nausea, Ovarian cysts

143
Q

Side Effects and Risk of Contraceptives

Intrauterine Device (UID):

A

Irregular bleeding between periods, Cramps, Acne, Headaches, Tender breasts, Mood changes, Cramps or pelvic pain

144
Q

Summary

Contraceptive methods include ______ options (pills, implants, IUDs), ______ (condoms, diaphragms), ______, and ______, varying in effectiveness and suitability.

A

hormonal, barrier methods, natural family planning, emergency contraception

145
Q

Summary

Fertility awareness involves tracking ovulation using methods like ______ calculation, ______, and ______ observation to identify the ______.

A

calendar, basal body temperature, cervical mucus, fertile window

146
Q

Summary

Hormonal regulation, involving ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______, controls ovulation, menstruation, and pregnancy- related processes.

A

GnRH, LH, FSH, estrogen, progesterone

147
Q

Summary

Fertilization requires gamete ______, ______, and ______; success depends on ______, ______, ______, and ______ factors.

A

production, transport, recognition, biological, lifestyle, environmental, medical

148
Q

Summary

Family planning promotes gender equality by empowering women to pursue ______ and ______ while reducing ______ and enhancing ______ in reproductive health.

A

education, careers, economic strain, decision-making

2A Physiology Finals (6 decks)

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