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HS 147: Survey of Disease > The Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract

A

Consists of ovaries, uterus, fallopian tube, vagina, and vulva
* Ovaries divided into cortex and medulla
* Uterus divided into cervix, corpus, and fundus
* Cervix divided into vaginal portion and endocervix

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2
Q

First half of Menstrual Cycle

A

Endometrial glands and stroma proliferate under influence of estrogen from ovarian follicle

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3
Q

Midcycle

A

Ovulation occurs;
* Follicle discharges an egg, becomes a corpus luteum that produces estrogen and progesterone
* Progesterone: Endometrium undergoes secretory phase to prepare for receiving fertilized ovum

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4
Q

If no pregnancy occurs (in Normal Mestrual Cycle)

A
  • Corpus luteum degrades
  • Estrogen and progesterone levels fall
  • Secretory endometrium is shed with blood
  • New cycle begins
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5
Q

Female Genital Tract Infections

A

Vaginitis; Cervicitis; Salpingitis; PID; Condylomas;

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6
Q

Vaginitis

A

Common; causes vaginal discharge, itching, and irritation
* Candida albicans
* Trichomonas vaginalis
* Gardnerella (Haemophilus) vaginalis in conjunction with anaerobic bacteria
(nonspecific vaginitis)

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7
Q

Cervicitis

A

Mild chronic inflammation; common in women who have had children
* More severe inflammation caused by gonococci or Chlamydia
* May spread to infect tubes and adjacent tissues; pelvic inflammatory disease
(PID)

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8
Q

Salpingitis

A

Tubal infection

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9
Q

PID - pelvic inflammatory disease

A

Inflammation of fallopian tubes, along with ovaries at times

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10
Q

Condylomas

A

Venereal warts in genital tract
* Benign tumorlike overgrowths of squamous epithelium
* Acquired and transmitted by sexual contact

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11
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

A

Caused by toxin produced by staphylococci
* First associated with tampon use; occurred in vagina
* Also occurs from staphylococcal infections of skin, bones, kidneys, with toxin released in the bloodstream

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12
Q

Clinical Manifestations of TSS

A
  • Fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches and pains
  • Erythematous or sunburn-like rash followed by flaking and peeling
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13
Q

Treatment of TSS

A
  • General supportive measures until effects of toxin wear off
  • Antibiotics to eradicate staphylococci do not shorten course of disease
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14
Q

Condylomas of the Genital Tract

A
  • Venereal warts
  • Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Occur most often on the vulvar mucosa and around the vaginal
    opening and the anus
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15
Q

Diseases of the Vulva

A

Vulvar dystrophy; Carcinoma of the vulva

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16
Q

Vulvar dystrophy

A
  • Irregular white patches on vulvar skin (leukoplakia)
  • Intense itching
  • May progress to carcinoma
  • Local treatment usually effective
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17
Q

Carcinoma of the vulva

A
  • Found in pre- and postmenopausal women
  • Usually with a preexisting vulvar dystrophy
  • Treated by vulvectomy and excision of inguinal lymph nodes
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18
Q

Cervical polyps

A
  • Benign, arise from the cervix
  • Usually small but may be quite large
  • Erosion of tip may cause bleeding
  • Surgical removal
19
Q

Cervical dysplasia

A
  • Abnormal growth and maturation of cervical squamous epithelium
20
Q

Mild dysplasia

A

Result of cervical inflammation
* Regresses spontaneously

21
Q

Severe dysplasia

A

Does not regress
* May progress to in situ carcinoma
* May progress to invasive carcinoma

22
Q

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

A

Constitute different stages in a progressive spectrum of epithelial abnormalities classified as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
* Grade I: Mild dysplasia
* Grade II: Moderate dysplasia
* Grade III: Severe dysplasia
Some HPV strains that cause cervical condylomas are carcinogenic and predispose to cervical neoplasia

23
Q

Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

A

HPV test to supplement Pap smear when cytologic changes in Pap smear are inconclusive (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance)
* If HPV test is negative, cytologic changes are not significant

24
Q

Irregular Uterine Bleeding

A

Occurs because follicle fails to mature and no corpus luteum is formed (anovulatory cycle)
* Disturbance of normal cyclic interaction of estrogen and progesterone on the endometrium
* Uterus is subjected to continuous estrogen stimulation and responds by shedding and bleeding in an irregular manner instead of shedding all at once as in a normal menstrual cycle (anovulatory bleeding)

25
Q

Endometrial Disorders

A
  • Benign endometrial hyperplasia: Associated with irregular uterine bleeding
  • Benign endometrial polyps: Common; May bleed if tip is eroded
  • Endometrial adenocarcinoma: Related to prolonged endometrial stimulation by estrogen use; Irregular uterine bleeding or postmenopausal bleeding
26
Q

Endometriosis

A

Deposits of endometrial tissue outside normal location in endometrial cavity

27
Q

Ectopic sites

A

Uterine wall; ovary; elsewhere in pelvis; appendix; rectum
* Ectopic endometrium responds to hormonal stimuli and undergoes cyclic
menstrual desquamation and regeneration
* Secondary scarring may obstruct fallopian tubes

28
Q

Diagnosis of Endometriosis

A

Laparoscopy - Allows visualization of ectopic deposits followed by removing or destroying these deposits surgically or with drugs or hormones

29
Q

Endometriosis Treatment

A
  • Synthetic hormones with progesterone activity to completely suppress menstrual cycle
  • Oral contraceptives to suppress ovulation
  • Drugs that suppress output of gonadotropin from pituitary gland
30
Q

Primary dysmenorrhea

A

Most common type; pelvic organs are normal
* Crampy lower abdominal pain that begins just before menstruation
* Pain lasts for 1 to 2 days after onset of menstrual flow
* Treatment with prostaglandin inhibitors, oral contraceptives

31
Q

Secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  • From various diseases of the pelvic organs, such as endometriosis
  • Treatment is to correct underlying cause
32
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

Arise from ovarian follicles or corpora lutea that have failed to regress normally and have converted to fluid-filled cysts

33
Q

Functional cysts

A

Follicle and corpus luteum cysts from deranged maturation and involution, regress spontaneously, do not become large

34
Q

Endometrial cysts

A

Endometrial deposits in ovary filled with old blood and debris

35
Q

Benign cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst)

A

Arise from unfertilized ova that undergo neoplastic change
* Contains skin, hair, teeth, bone, parts of gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, and other tissues growing in a jumbled fashion

36
Q

Malignant teratoma

A

Very rare

37
Q

Serous tumor

A

Resembles cells that line fallopian tubes

38
Q

Cystadenoma

A

Benign, cystic serous tumor

39
Q

Cystadenocarcinoma

A

Neoplastic epithelium may extend on the surface of tumor
and break off, implanting in other parts (pelvis, peritoneal cavity, omentum)

40
Q

Mucinous tumor

A

Resembles mucus-secreting tumor of endocervix

41
Q

Endometrioid tumor

A

Resembles endometrial tissue

42
Q

Fibroma

A

From fibrous connective tissue cells of ovary

43
Q

Granulosa theca cell tumor

A

Ovarian tumor that produces estrogen
* Arises from the granulosa cells or estrogen-producing cells that line the
follicle or from theca cells located adjacent to follicle cells
* Induces excessive endometrial stimulation from estrogen produced by tumor

44
Q

Male-hormone-producing ovarian tumors

A

Induces masculinization

HS 147: Survey of Disease (4 decks)

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