Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HS 147: Survey of Disease > Prenatal Development and Diseases Associated with Pregnancy > Flashcards

Prenatal Development and Diseases Associated with Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of sperm and ovum occurs in fallopian tube; possible when sperm are present in fallopian tubes at the time egg is expelled at ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Early Development: Fertilized Ovum

A

Fertilization occurs in fallopian tube
* Sperm contain genetic material and enzymes for penetration
* Zygote develops into a small ball of cells
* Fluid accumulates to form blastocyst
* Inner cell mass forms embryo
* Trophoblast forms placenta and membranes
* Blastocyst begins to differentiate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Stages of Prenatal Development

A

Preembryonic period; Embryonic period; Fetal period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Preembryonic period

A

First 3 weeks after fertilization
* Blastocyst becomes implanted, and inner mass cell differentiates into three germ layers to eventually form specific tissues within embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Embryonic period

A

Third through seventh week
* Begins to assume a human shape
* All organ systems are formed
* Very critical period of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fetal period

A

Eighth week to term
* Fetus continues to grow
* No major changes in basic structure
* Subcutaneous fat accumulates; fills body shortly before delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gestation

A

Total duration of pregnancy from fertilization to delivery
* Dated from time of conception: 38 weeks
* Dated from first day of last menstrual period (date of ovulation unknown): 40
weeks
* First day of the calculation is 2 weeks before the date of conception
* May be expressed as 280 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Decidua

A

Endometrium of pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Decidua basalis

A

Under chorionic vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

Over chorionic vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decidua parietalis

A

Lines rest of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chorion laeve

A

Superficial, smooth chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chorion frondosum

A

Bushy chorion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Enclosed within chorion, forms a protective environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Yolk sac

A

Forms intestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Functions of the placenta

A
  • Provides oxygen and nutrition for fetus
  • Has endocrine function: Synthesizes hormones (estrogen, progesterone, protein hormones)
  • Human placental lactogen (HPL)
  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Placenta

A

Fetus connected to placenta by umbilical cord; Double circulation of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fetoplacental circulation

A

From fetus to villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Uteroplacental circulation

A

Maternal blood circulates around villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Produced by filtration and excretion
* Filtration from maternal blood early in pregnancy
* Fetal urine later in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Polyhydramnios

A

Increased volume of amniotic fluid
* Fetus unable to swallow and fluid accumulates (anencephaly)
* Fluid is swallowed but not absorbed due to congenital obstruction of fetal upper intestinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

Reduced volume of amniotic fluid
* Fetal kidneys failed to develop and no urine is formed
* Congenital obstruction of urethra does not allow urine to form amniotic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hormone-Related Conditions Associated with
Pregnancy

A

Nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy
* Estrogen increases rapidly early in pregnancy - Causes nausea and vomiting
Hyperemesis gravidarum
* Excessive vomiting, more prolonged and severe than normal; Weight loss and dehydration require treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Pregnancy hormones induce maternal insulin resistance
* Diabetes results from inability to increase insulin secretion to compensate for increased insulin resistance

25
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

harmful to the fetus; Diabetes usually relents following delivery

26
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Development of embryo outside the uterine cavity
* Most common site is fallopian tubes

27
Q

Predisposing factors of Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • Previous infection of fallopian tubes
  • Failure of normal muscular contractions of tubal wall
  • Both fallopian tubes predisposed
28
Q

Consequences of Ectopic Pregnancy

A
  • Rupture of fallopian tube
  • Profuse bleeding from torn vessels
  • Potentially life threatening to mother
29
Q

Abnormal Attachment of Umbilical Cord

A

Velamentous insertion; Placenta previa;

30
Q

Velamentous insertion

A
  • Cord attached to fetal membranes instead of placenta
  • May tear or is compressed during labor
  • May be fatal to infant
  • No adverse effect on mother
31
Q

Placenta previa

A

Placenta attached at lower part of uterus; may cover
cervix
* Causes episodes of bleeding late in pregnancy
* Hazardous to both mother and infant
* Requires delivery by cesarean section

32
Q

Central placenta previa

A

Placenta covers entire cervix

33
Q

Partial placenta previa

A

Margin of placenta covers cervix

34
Q

Twin transfusion syndrome

A

Vascular anastomoses connect placental circulations of identical twins
* One twin is polycythemic and one is anemic
* Tolerated if minor disproportions in blood; if severe, may be fatal to both twins

35
Q

Vanishing twin

A

One of the twins dies and is resorbed

36
Q

Blighted twin

A

One of the twins dies and persists as degenerated fetus

37
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Two separate ova fertilized by two different sperm

38
Q

Identical twins

A

Single fertilized ovum splits

39
Q

Conjoined twins

A

Variable union between identical twins

40
Q

Preeclampsia and eclampsia

A

Toxemia of pregnancy
* Pregnancy-associated elevated blood pressure exceeding 140/90; accompanied by protein in the urine

41
Q

Eclampsia

A

Blood pressure exceeding 160/110; may cause convulsions
* Seems to be caused by inadequate blood flow to the placenta
* Causes blood vessel constriction, blood pressure elevation, and clumping of platelets

42
Q

Hydatidiform mole

A

hydatid is fluid-filled vesicle; mole is shapeless structure
* Occurs in 80% of affected patients
* Complete mole
* Results from abnormal fertilization of an ovum lacking chromosomes and ovum fertilized by a single sperm bearing an X chromosome that is duplicated to form 46

43
Q

Complete mole

A
  • Both X chromosomes come from the father
  • No embryo develops
  • Chorionic villi become cystic structures resembling mass of grapes (complete mole)
44
Q

Partial mole

A
  • Normal ovum fertilized by two sperm, resulting in a fertilized ovum with three sets of chromosomes (69 chromosomes)
  • Embryo forms but does not survive
  • Less likely to exhibit aggressive behavior
45
Q

Invasive mole

A
  • Trophoblastic tissue invades deep into uterine wall
  • Occurs in 15% of affected patients
  • Aggressive, destructive
46
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

May arise following incomplete removal of invasive or incompletely removed mole
* Masses of proliferating trophoblast may extend into vagina
* Metastasizes to lungs and brain

47
Q

Treatment of Choriocarcinoma

A

Curettage, periodic determination of HCG; hysterectomy;
chemotherapy

48
Q

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Pathogenesis

A
  • Sensitization of mother to a blood group antigen in fetal red blood cells
  • Mother forms antibodies that cross placenta
  • Maternal antibodies damage fetal red blood cells
  • Fetus increases blood production to compensate for increased red blood
    cell destruction
49
Q

Less intense hemolytic process

A

Infant is born alive but moderately or severely anemic

50
Q

Mild disease

A

Infant appears normal at birth then becomes anemic and jaundiced, develops edema

51
Q

Hydrops fetalis

A

Severe anemia causes heart failure and impaired hepatic plasma protein synthesis
* Results in edema
* Hemolytic process is extremely severe, causing death
* Infant dies in uterus during last trimester

52
Q

Rh Hemolytic Disease

A

Most cases: Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive infant
* Consists of a series of allelic genes that determine multiple Rh antigens on red cells
* Mother sensitized to foreign antigen in infant’s cells and forms anti-D antibodies that cross placenta into infant’s blood

53
Q

Rh positive

A

Red cells contain D (Rho) antigen
* May be homozygous (genotype DD)
* May be heterozygous (genotype Dd)

54
Q

Rh negative

A

Red cells lack D (Rho) antigen
* Genotype dd

55
Q

Treatment of Rh Hemolytic Disease

A
  • Exchange transfusion
  • Fluorescent light therapy for hyperbilirubinemia
  • Intrauterine fetal transfusion
56
Q

Prevention of Rh Hemolytic Disease

A

Rh immune globulin administered to mother
* Contains gamma globulin with Rh antibody
* Given within 72 hours after delivery of Rh-positive infant
* Rh antibody coats Rh antigen sites on surface of fetal red cells in maternal circulation to reduce sensitization

57
Q

ABO Hemolytic Disease Pathogenesis

A

Mother is type O (has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in her serum) and infant is type A or type B
* Maternal anti-A and anti-B antibodies attach to fetal red cells
* Can occur in first ABO-incompatible pregnancy due to preexisting anti-A and anti-B antibodies

58
Q

ABO Hemolytic Disease Manifestations

A

Milder disease than Rh hemolytic disease because fetal A and B antigens are not as well developed, unlike in adult cells; antibodies do not attach as firmly to fetal cells
* Complications: Anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus
* Excess unconjugated bilirubin from red cell breakdown

59
Q

Treatment of ABO Hemolytic Disease

A

Control hyperbilirubinemia by fluorescent light therapy
* Exchange transfusion not usually required

HS 147: Survey of Disease (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions