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BDS3 Human Disease > The FBC and common anaemias > Flashcards

The FBC and common anaemias Flashcards

1
Q

Mature RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Commonest wbc?

A

Neutrophil

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3
Q

Components of blood?

A

Rbc

Wbc

Platelets

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4
Q

Components of RBCs?

A

Membrane

Enzymes

Haemoglobin

(No nucleus)

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5
Q

Shape of rbc?

A

Biconcave disc shape

Haemoglobin at peripheries

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6
Q

When do eosinophils increase?

A

Allergies

Inflammatory/malignancy

Myeloproliferative disease disease (blood disorder)

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7
Q

What is it called if pt has low platelet count?

A

Thrombocytopenia

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8
Q

Platelet clumping?

A

In lab due to edta

Artefact low plated count

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9
Q

Consequence of low platelet count?

A

Bleeding disorder

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10
Q

What can can cause Thrombocytopenia?

A

Viral infection

Cancer

Medications

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11
Q

Key things to focus on in blood results?

A

Hb

Plt

Wbc

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12
Q

Anaemia?

A

Reduction in red cells or their Haemoglobin content

anaemia is not a diagnosis but a description

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13
Q

Causes of anaemia?

A

Blood loss

Increased destruction

Lack of production

Defective production

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14
Q

Normal range of Haemoglobin for males?

A

140-180 g/l (12-70)

116-156 g/l (age over 70)

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15
Q

Normal Haemoglobin for female?

A

120-160 g/l (12-70)

108-143 (age over 70)

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16
Q

Symptoms an signs of anaemia?

A

Tiredness/fatigue

Dizziness/lightheadnedness (cerebral hypoxia)

Breathlessness (on exertion)
Chest pain

Pallor (mucous membranes and conjunctiva)

Glossitis

Angular stomatitis

Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)

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17
Q

MCV?

A

Mean cell volume (cell size)

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18
Q

MCH?

A

Mean cell Haemoglobin

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19
Q

Reticulocytes?

A

Young red cells

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20
Q

Macrocytic anaemia

A

Large cells

high MCV

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21
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

Small cells

Low MCV

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22
Q

When is reticulocyte count increased?

A

If marrow is able to react with anaemia

occurs in haemolytic anaemias

bone marrow increases synthesis of reticulocytes to combat RBC destruction

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23
Q

Commonest cause of hypochromic Microcytic anaemia?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • test by checking serum ferratin (store iron inside cells)
  • Small pale cells
  • low MCV and MCH
24
Q

How to check iron levels?

A

CHECK Serum ferritin levels (stored iron in cells)

25
What is raised with macrolytic cells?
Raised MCV
26
Common causes of iron deficiency?
Commonest case - fe deficiency - low ferritin Blood loss - GI, menstrual Increased requirements - pregnancy Reduced intake - dietary, malabsorption Hypochromic, microcytic with normal ferritin - thalassaemia
27
What affects the colour of RBCs?
MCH Mean cell Haemoglobin
28
Causes of macrocytic anaemia?
mostcommon cause is: Megaloblatic anaemia, caused by -B12 deficiency - Folate deficiency Also: myelodysplasia Also: macrocytosis without anaemia - Large normal coloured cells - Raised MCV
29
Causes of folate deficiency?
Dietary Malabsorption (e.g. coeliac disease) Increased requirements (haemolysis)
30
Can pernicious anaemia (B12 deficiency) have slow onset of symptoms?
Yes, gradually pale and fatigued cant absorb B12
31
Treatment of b12 deficiency?
Cautious transfusion Gradual blood transfusion REPLACE B12 IM
32
Causes of macrocytosis without anaemia? (macrocytic anaemia)
Liver disease Drugs Alcohol Thyroid disease
33
What would you test in normochromic normocytic anaemia?
Reticulocyte count
34
Causes of jaundice
Liver disease Haemolytic disease
35
Causes of haemolytic anaemia?
Congenital Acquired
36
Common cause for acquired haemolytic anaemia?
Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (extravascular/exaggerated normal) Intravascular - sick pts - Mechanical (artificial valve) - Severe infection - Pet/hus/ttp
37
Common causes of congenital haemolytic anaemia?
Hereditary spherocytosis Enzyme deficiency Haemoglobinopathy (HbSS)
38
Cause of increased reticulocytes?
Achieved blood loss Haemolysis (destruction of RBC)
39
when does low/normal reticulocyte occur?
problem with bone marrow due to: - due to malignancy - leukaemia - non-haemological malignancy - aplastic anaemia (bone marrow just not making blood properly) - secondary anaemia (e.g. renal anaemia)
40
What does red cell indices tell you?
morphological description and clue to the cause
41
How to describe MCH?
hypochromic or hyperchromic
42
What are normochromic normocytic cells?
normal cells but less of them normal MCV and MCH
43
What causes/ what to test for in normochromic and normocytic cells?
reticulocyte count
44
Thalassemia?
is the name for a group of inherited conditions that affect a substance in the blood called haemoglobin. People with thalassaemia produce either no or too little haemoglobin, which is used by red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body. This can make them very anaemic (tired, short of breath and pale).
45
As a dentist, what are symptoms of iron deficiency?
glossitis (sore tongue) angular stomatitis
46
Why may a pt have b12 folate deficiency? causes of megaloblastic anaemia?
pt has megaloblastic anaemia could be due to... B12 deficiency - autoimmune condition: pernicious anaemia - gastric/ileal disease Folate deficiency - dietary - malabsorption (coeliac disease) - increased requirements (haemolysis)
47
Causes of myelodysplasia?
causes macrocytic anaemia! abnormal RBC normal B12 and folate it is a bone marrow problem - cat make RBC normally and look dysplastic
48
What usually accompanies myelodysplasia?
often with other cytopenias - neutropenia - thrombocytopenia
49
Why test reticulocyte count in normochromic normocytic anaemia?
decide if you are nit making enough normal RBC or normal RBC are being destroyed
50
secondary anaemia?
renal anaemia causes low reticulocyte count
51
Haemolytic anaemia? (haemolysis)
accelerated RBC destruction Usually get compensation by bone marrow reticulocyte count a fine balance
52
Where can haemolysis occur?
extravascular or intravascular
53
What breaks down RBC?
macrophage
54
process of haemolysis and RBC?
RBC after around 120 days macrophage breakdown RBC into bilbubin liver breaks this down and excreted in stool
55
What haemolysis do we not want?
intravascular you get free haemoglobin not good for kidneys and blood vessels
56
Why do you appear yellow with jaundice?
haemolytic anaemia - increased bilirubin = yellow an dark pee and yellow sclera
57
Causes of intravascular haemolytic anaemia?
mechanical or toxins

BDS3 Human Disease (33 decks)

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