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BDS3 Human Disease > The FBC and common anaemias > Flashcards

The FBC and common anaemias Flashcards

1
Q

Mature RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Commonest wbc?

A

Neutrophil

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3
Q

Components of blood?

A

Rbc

Wbc

Platelets

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4
Q

Components of RBCs?

A

Membrane

Enzymes

Haemoglobin

(No nucleus)

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5
Q

Shape of rbc?

A

Biconcave disc shape

Haemoglobin at peripheries

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6
Q

When do eosinophils increase?

A

Allergies

Inflammatory/malignancy

Myeloproliferative disease disease (blood disorder)

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7
Q

What is it called if pt has low platelet count?

A

Thrombocytopenia

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8
Q

Platelet clumping?

A

In lab due to edta

Artefact low plated count

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9
Q

Consequence of low platelet count?

A

Bleeding disorder

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10
Q

What can can cause Thrombocytopenia?

A

Viral infection

Cancer

Medications

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11
Q

Key things to focus on in blood results?

A

Hb

Plt

Wbc

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12
Q

Anaemia?

A

Reduction in red cells or their Haemoglobin content

anaemia is not a diagnosis but a description

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13
Q

Causes of anaemia?

A

Blood loss

Increased destruction

Lack of production

Defective production

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14
Q

Normal range of Haemoglobin for males?

A

140-180 g/l (12-70)

116-156 g/l (age over 70)

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15
Q

Normal Haemoglobin for female?

A

120-160 g/l (12-70)

108-143 (age over 70)

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16
Q

Symptoms an signs of anaemia?

A

Tiredness/fatigue

Dizziness/lightheadnedness (cerebral hypoxia)

Breathlessness (on exertion)
Chest pain

Pallor (mucous membranes and conjunctiva)

Glossitis

Angular stomatitis

Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)

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17
Q

MCV?

A

Mean cell volume (cell size)

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18
Q

MCH?

A

Mean cell Haemoglobin

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19
Q

Reticulocytes?

A

Young red cells

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20
Q

Macrocytic anaemia

A

Large cells

high MCV

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21
Q

Microcytic anaemia

A

Small cells

Low MCV

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22
Q

When is reticulocyte count increased?

A

If marrow is able to react with anaemia

occurs in haemolytic anaemias

bone marrow increases synthesis of reticulocytes to combat RBC destruction

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23
Q

Commonest cause of hypochromic Microcytic anaemia?

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • test by checking serum ferratin (store iron inside cells)
  • Small pale cells
  • low MCV and MCH
24
Q

How to check iron levels?

A

CHECK Serum ferritin levels (stored iron in cells)

25
Q

What is raised with macrolytic cells?

A

Raised MCV

26
Q

Common causes of iron deficiency?

A

Commonest case - fe deficiency - low ferritin

Blood loss
- GI, menstrual

Increased requirements
- pregnancy

Reduced intake
- dietary, malabsorption

Hypochromic, microcytic with normal ferritin
- thalassaemia

27
Q

What affects the colour of RBCs?

A

MCH

Mean cell Haemoglobin

28
Q

Causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

mostcommon cause is:

Megaloblatic anaemia, caused by
-B12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency

Also: myelodysplasia

Also: macrocytosis without anaemia

  • Large normal coloured cells
  • Raised MCV
29
Q

Causes of folate deficiency?

A

Dietary

Malabsorption (e.g. coeliac disease)

Increased requirements (haemolysis)

30
Q

Can pernicious anaemia (B12 deficiency) have slow onset of symptoms?

A

Yes, gradually pale and fatigued

cant absorb B12

31
Q

Treatment of b12 deficiency?

A

Cautious transfusion

Gradual blood transfusion

REPLACE B12 IM

32
Q

Causes of macrocytosis without anaemia? (macrocytic anaemia)

A

Liver disease

Drugs

Alcohol

Thyroid disease

33
Q

What would you test in normochromic normocytic anaemia?

A

Reticulocyte count

34
Q

Causes of jaundice

A

Liver disease

Haemolytic disease

35
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Congenital

Acquired

36
Q

Common cause for acquired haemolytic anaemia?

A

Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (extravascular/exaggerated normal)

Intravascular - sick pts
- Mechanical (artificial valve)

  • Severe infection
  • Pet/hus/ttp
37
Q

Common causes of congenital haemolytic anaemia?

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

Enzyme deficiency

Haemoglobinopathy (HbSS)

38
Q

Cause of increased reticulocytes?

A

Achieved blood loss

Haemolysis (destruction of RBC)

39
Q

when does low/normal reticulocyte occur?

A

problem with bone marrow due to:
- due to malignancy
- leukaemia
- non-haemological malignancy
- aplastic anaemia (bone marrow just not making blood properly)
- secondary anaemia (e.g. renal anaemia)

40
Q

What does red cell indices tell you?

A

morphological description and clue to the cause

41
Q

How to describe MCH?

A

hypochromic or hyperchromic

42
Q

What are normochromic normocytic cells?

A

normal cells but less of them

normal MCV and MCH

43
Q

What causes/ what to test for in normochromic and normocytic cells?

A

reticulocyte count

44
Q

Thalassemia?

A

is the name for a group of inherited conditions that affect a substance in the blood called haemoglobin.

People with thalassaemia produce either no or too little haemoglobin, which is used by red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body.

This can make them very anaemic (tired, short of breath and pale).

45
Q

As a dentist, what are symptoms of iron deficiency?

A

glossitis (sore tongue)

angular stomatitis

46
Q

Why may a pt have b12 folate deficiency? causes of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

pt has megaloblastic anaemia could be due to…

B12 deficiency
- autoimmune condition: pernicious anaemia
- gastric/ileal disease

Folate deficiency
- dietary
- malabsorption (coeliac disease)
- increased requirements (haemolysis)

47
Q

Causes of myelodysplasia?

A

causes macrocytic anaemia!

abnormal RBC normal B12 and folate

it is a bone marrow problem - cat make RBC normally and look dysplastic

48
Q

What usually accompanies myelodysplasia?

A

often with other cytopenias

  • neutropenia
  • thrombocytopenia
49
Q

Why test reticulocyte count in normochromic normocytic anaemia?

A

decide if you are nit making enough normal RBC

or normal RBC are being destroyed

50
Q

secondary anaemia?

A

renal anaemia causes low reticulocyte count

51
Q

Haemolytic anaemia? (haemolysis)

A

accelerated RBC destruction

Usually get compensation by bone marrow reticulocyte count

a fine balance

52
Q

Where can haemolysis occur?

A

extravascular or intravascular

53
Q

What breaks down RBC?

A

macrophage

54
Q

process of haemolysis and RBC?

A

RBC after around 120 days

macrophage breakdown RBC

into bilbubin

liver breaks this down and excreted in stool

55
Q

What haemolysis do we not want?

A

intravascular

you get free haemoglobin

not good for kidneys and blood vessels

56
Q

Why do you appear yellow with jaundice?

A

haemolytic anaemia - increased bilirubin

= yellow an dark pee and yellow sclera

57
Q

Causes of intravascular haemolytic anaemia?

A

mechanical or toxins

BDS3 Human Disease (33 decks)

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