Respiratory medicine for dental students

Question 1

Hamoptysis?

Answer 1

Coughing up blood

Question 2

Dyspnoea?

Answer 2

Breathlessness

Question 3

Physical Respiratory system examination?

Answer 3

Pulse rate

Respiratory rate

Listen to breathing

Lung auscultation

Question 4

Investigation for lungs?

Answer 4

Arterial blood gas (ABG) - pO2, pCO2, pH

CXR

CT scan

Peak flow

Pulmonary function test

Bronchoscopy

Question 5

Bronchoscopy?

Answer 5

procedure to look directly at the airways in the lungs using a thin, lighted tube (bronchoscope)

Question 6

Pulmonary function test?

Answer 6

tests measure lung volume, capacity, rates of flow, and gas exchange. This information can help your healthcare provider diagnose and decide the treatment of certain lung disorders.

Question 7

Type I and II respiratory failure?

Answer 7

Type 1 - PO2 is low, PCO2 normal or low, acute asthma, pneumonia

Type 2 - PC02 is low, high PCO2, COPD & OHS

Question 8

Low/ normal PCO2 indicates what?

Answer 8

Pneumonia

Question 9

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 9

Hypoxia

Question 10

What is type II respiratory failure?

Answer 10

Hypercapnoea

Question 11

Examples of type 1 respiratory failure?

Answer 11

Acute asthma

Pneumonia

Question 12

Examples of type II respiratory failure?

Answer 12

COPD

Ohs

Question 13

What type of disease are asthma and COPD?

Answer 13

Obstructive airways disease

Question 14

Asthma?

Answer 14

Reversible airflow obstruction

Intermittent symptoms

Question 15

COPD?

Answer 15

Irreversible airflow obstruction

Question 16

Are asthma symptoms continuous?

Answer 16

No , intermittent symptoms

Question 17

What causes COPD?

Answer 17

Smoking

Question 18

Who commonly has COPD vs asthma?

Answer 18

COPD older adults

Asthma common in children

Question 19

Are COPD symptoms continuous?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Symptoms of asthma/copd?

Answer 20

Dyspnoea, cough, wheeze, chest tightness

Question 21

Management of asthma / copd?

Answer 21

Question 22

Consequences of steroids?

Answer 22

early heart attacks, strokes, liver tumors, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems.

Question 23

Example of inhaled corticosteroids?

Answer 23

Beclomethasone

Question 24

Pneumonia?

Answer 24

inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection

Acute illness

Fever, myalgia, headache

Cough, chest pain, sputum, dyspnoea

May require admission to hospital

May have type I respiratory failure

Consolidation on CXR

Treated with antibiotics, oxygen, intravenous fluids

Question 25

Clinical symposium of pneumonia?

Answer 25

Fever, myalgia, headache Cough, chest pain, sputum, dyspnoea

Question 26

Treatment for pneumonia?

Answer 26

Antibiotics, oxygen, intravenous fluids

Question 27

Bacteria causing pneumonia?

Answer 27

S. Pneumoniae

Question 28

Causes of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 28

- clot in leg often arise in legs Recent major operations Recent major Rama Immobility Major chronic disease e.g. cancer

Question 29

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

Answer 29

Dysponoea Chest pain Haemoptysis

Question 30

Treatment for pulmonary embolism?

Answer 30

Anticoagulation - injection to stomach or tablet form - apixaban thrombolysis - uses drugs (thrombolytics) to get rid of blood clots.

Question 31

CXR?

Answer 31

Chest x-ray

Question 32

Sleep apnoea?

Answer 32

serious sleep disorder that happens when your breathing stops and starts while you're asleep

Question 33

Symptoms of sleep apnea?

Answer 33

Loud snoring and obstructive apnoeas (cessation of breathing) Daytime sleepiness Poor concentration

Question 34

Management of sleep apnoea?

Answer 34

Weight loss CPAP Mandibular repositioning splint

Question 35

What is sleep apnoea associated with?

Answer 35

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome

Question 36

does sleep apnoea have increased risk with LA or GA?

Answer 36

General anaesthetic

Question 37

Pneumothorax?

Answer 37

Collapsed lung

Question 38

Types of pneumothorax?

Answer 38

Primary pr secondary

Question 39

Primary pneumothorax?

Answer 39

No cause

Question 40

Secondary pneumothorax?

Answer 40

Underlying lung disease - usually COPD

Question 41

Symptoms of pneumothorax?

Answer 41

Chest pain (sudden onset) Dyspnoea

Question 42

How o diagnose pneumothorax?

Answer 42

Clinical examination and CXR

Question 43

Treatment of pneumothorax?

Answer 43

Based on high - risk characteristic and pt wishes - observation/conservative - aspiration - chest pain - ambulatory care

Question 44

Ambulatory care?

Answer 44

Outpatient care

Question 45

Main cause of lung cancer?

Answer 45

Smoking

Question 46

Symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 46

Cough Haemoptysis (coughing up blood) Weight loss

Question 47

How to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer 47

CXR Ct scan Bronchoscopy/ebus (biopsy- could have a mutataion and medication can be tailored according to the mutation)

Question 48

Management of lung cancer?

Answer 48

Surgery Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Palliative

Question 49

If pt is experiencing haemoptysis- what is you diagnosis?

Answer 49

Initial diagnosis = lung cancer

Question 50

Chronic cough?

Answer 50

Cough lasting over 8 weeks

Question 51

What is the main thing to do if a pt has a chronic cough?

Answer 51

Exclude serious causes first

Question 52

Investigation of chronic cough?

Answer 52

CXR Lung function

Question 53

Common causes fochrocn cough?

Answer 53

Asthma Gastro-oesophageal reflux Post nasal drip

Question 54

Treatment for chronic cough?

Answer 54

Inhales corticosteroids Gastric acid suppression e.g. omeprazole Intranasal steroid spray e.g. beconase

Question 55

Bronchiectasis?

Answer 55

Dilated, damaged airways Clearance of muscles in lungs is not good and lungs get clogged up

Question 56

Symptoms of brnchiectasis?

Answer 56

Cough Sputum , often copious Hamoptysis

Question 57

How to diagnose bronchiectasis?

Answer 57

Clinica examination CT thorax

Question 58

Tx for brinchiectasis?

Answer 58

Chest physio Antibiotics Inhaled bronchodilator and inhaled corticosteroids

Question 59

Why prescribe steroids?

Answer 59

treat rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, allergies and many other conditions reduce redness and swelling (inflammation). This can help with inflammatory conditions such as asthma and eczema. Steroids also reduce the activity of the immune system, which is the body's natural defence against illness and infection.

Question 60

Interstitial ling disease?

Answer 60

Thickening, inflammation of interstitium of lung Typical in older pts

Question 61

Symptoms of interstitial lung disease?

Answer 61

Dyspnoea Dry cough

Question 62

How to diagnose interstitial ling disease?

Answer 62

Clinical examination Ct scan

Question 63

Tx for interstitial lung disease?

Answer 63

Corticosteroids Oxygen Pulmonary rehabilitation Pirfenidone

Question 64

Effect of Covid-19 on lungs?

Answer 64

Pneumonia Causes Acute respiratory disease syndrome Respiratory failure

Question 65

Possible tx for Covid-9?

Answer 65

Anti-retrovirals Supportive therapy (antipyretics, IV fluids) Oxygen if hypoxic Steroids (dexamethasone). If on O2

Question 66

Symptoms of Covid?

Answer 66

Cough Dyspnoea Sputum Fever

Question 67

Long Covid?

Answer 67

Group of health problems persisting or developing after initial period of Covid-19 infections

Question 68

Common symptoms of long covid?

Answer 68

Extreme tiredness (fatigue, feeling short of breath, problems with your memory and concentration (brain fog), heart palpitations, dizziness, joint pain, muscle aches

Question 69

Management of long Covid?

Answer 69

Rule out other causes (PE, fibrosis) Conservative management

Question 70

Respiratory systems and the dentists?

Answer 70

Be aware of diagnosis Contagious infections PPE Medications Mandibular splints