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a level history (italy 1911-46) > the fascist state > Flashcards

the fascist state Flashcards

1
Q

What was the OND

A

National Afterwork Organisation in Italian (Operation National Dopolavoro)
Managed clubs and bars for working adults with no ideological strings attached, had a membership of 4 million by 1939

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2
Q

What were the Lateran pacts?

A

A series of agreements between the Pope and and the Italian state, guaranteed the church sovereignty over the Vatican, paid compensation to the church for Italian seizure of church land since 1871

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3
Q

How did the fascist state attempt to indoctrinate the young?

A

Nrional youth groups
Collectively known as the Balilla : they were the only allowed youth groups in Italy, except those run by the church such as Catholic action

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4
Q

What did the Balilla youth groups offer young people?

A

Boys: outdoor activities, camping, meetings, social spaces, all with sprinklings of propaganda (scouts)
Girls : taught to be new mothers that were loyal to the Italian state and has as many babies as possible

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5
Q

How many members did the Balilla have by 1937?

A

7 million

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6
Q

How did the fascist state change educations in Italy?

A

More time dedicated to P.E, and to learning of the history of itay, from Rome to fascism, as well as attempting to bring up loyal fascists

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7
Q

How long was the Italian term of conscription for in the early 1920’s

A
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8
Q

When was press censorship introduced?

A

July 1924

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9
Q

What was the Italian Corporatism?

A

Fascist economic system where workers (in most cases appointed by the government) sat on the boards of companies

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10
Q

What characteristics of Mussolini were newspapers forbidden from mentioning

A

His height
Age
hair loss

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11
Q

When was a formal ministry for propaganda established?

A

1935, as the ministry of the press later renamed the ministry of popular culture in 1937

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12
Q

Why was the agenda of the national integration stalled?

A

South was still poor, huge wealth gaps still existed, fascist education had failed as it did not have the desired effect of unifying the it,Ian nations through loyalty to fascism

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13
Q

To what extent did the fascist state control arts and culture?

A

There was very little oversight into arts and culture, art could be modern and experimental, as long as it conformed with the overarching ideas of fascism as a whole

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14
Q

What was confino

A

Exile in the Italian south as a result of a sentence passed by a special tribunal

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15
Q

How many Italians had files held on them by OVRA

A

130,000

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16
Q

When was the political police division set up?

A

1926

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17
Q

Why did Mussolini not have total control over the Italian state?

A

Because Italy was still a kingdom, and Mussolini technically derived his power from the king, the kings wished could not be ignored at the risk of Mussolini removal from power.

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18
Q

How did the Italian civil service and judiciary change?

A

Some civil servants were removed for anti-fascist views, but the civil service remained largely unchanged. The judges and prosecutors were loyal to the king and were left alone by the apparatus of the fascist state.

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19
Q

Who was turati?

A

Turati was the de facto leader of the PNF after 1925, during a tenure he ensured that the PNF only existed as an organ to carry out Mussolini personal agenda

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20
Q

How many members of the PNF were purged by Turati and his successors?

A

180,000 purged
110,000 left voluntarily

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21
Q

When did the Italian industry recognise that the fascist syndicates were the only workers associations allowed in Italy?

A

October 1925
Led to the eventual dissolution of socialist and catholic trade unions

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22
Q

What was the rocco law?

A

April 1926
Allowed the syndicates some rights of representation and compulsory arbitration of disputes concerning workers pay and conditions

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23
Q

What was the corporate state?

A

Mussolini intended to create a strong fascist economy, which would be a third way between capitalism and socialism, and ultimately an economy featuring more rights for workers as they sat in the boards of companies

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24
Q

What was the battle for the Lira?

A

December 1927
Lira revalued to 19 Lira to the USD and 92 Lira to the sterling
Mussolini feared hyperinflation and believed that Italians must make sacrifices for the good of the economy

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25
Who replaced De’Stefani
Volpi
26
Why was the corporate state a sham?
Because workers did not have real representation on company boards as the ‘workers’ were normally fascist officials loyal to Mussolini. Most economic decisions were not made through the mixed corporations, but instead through Mussolini personally
27
How did the fascist state deal with the Great Depression?
Through strong national control over the economy, wage cuts and cutting government spending. Due to lack of reliance on US loan money, Italy was hit later and the effects of the depression were less severe.
28
What was Autarky?
Italian attempts at self - sufficiency
29
What was the battle for grain?
Italian attempts at food self-sufficiency, increasing wheat production by creating more farmland as well as improving the output of already existing farms
30
What was the IRI?
Institute for induration reconstruction , owned/ managed corporations that had filed during the depression, was successful, existed unlike the dissolution in 2002
31
What was the libro unico?
One approved textbook used in schools from 1928
32
When was it made mandatory to hang a portrait of Mussolini in every classroom?
1929
33
What year was it made mandatory for teachers to swear an oath to the fascist regime? And when did they have to become members of the pnf?
1931 Had to be members in 1933
34
What were the benefits for students who joined the “university fascist group”
- free use of sports facilities - half priced enough to various entertainment - enhanced career prospects - exclusion from military service
35
When were the church run youth groups banned, and what was the impact of this?
Banned in 1926, causing the ONB membership to rise to 8.5 million
36
How many members did the OND have by 1935 compared to 1926
1926 = 3000,000 1935 = 2.4 million members
37
OND membership by 1939?
4 million members
38
What benefits did members of the OND experience?
- government subsidised activities e.g. free holidays, sports facilities - military training was emphasised but not very accepted/ met with enthusiasm
39
Before ww2 what was the role of film in propaganda
Minimal, as the regime needed the supports of media so allowed it freedom and it mainly conformed
40
In what year did the government take control of the Italian film industry?
1938
41
Although few films were not ardently fascist, some news reels that showed before the films were. What did they focus of and who produced them?
- produced by LUCE (the regimes film industry) - focused on moments of Italian pride (winning the 1934 World Cup)
42
Give two examples of overly fascist films produced after 1938?
- “Luciano serra pilota” in 1938 (focused on a pilot in the Abyssinian war) - “Seige of alcazar” in 1940 (focused on the early fascist fighting against socialism in Spain)
43
How many radio sets were in Italy by ww2?
2 million
44
How many hours of Italian radio consisted of official broadcast? And what did police report about radios
2 hours In 1940 there were may reports that people were tuning into radio London to obtain anti-fascist material
45
46
What is the name of the radio agency which controlled the radios of Italy by 1933? Who owned it?
The EER it was lead by the PNF secretary
47
What was Davanzati’s radio show called and what purpose did it serve?
- the “chronicles of the regime” - interviews with leading members of the PNF,despite being run by a pnf member
48
What changed for paper/ magazine writers in 1925?
- the press law 1925: only registered journalists (decided by the PNF) could write - papers couldn’t report on issues which may harm Italian prestige (e.g. crime) - they could be arrested or shut down if their papers were satirical or critical
49
50
Give an example of a writer whose paper was shut down post 1925?
Albertini’s “Correiere delta sera”
51
What is unusual about the censorship carried out on newspapers?
There was little need to censor much as most writers conformed out of fear
52
What was the “Osservatore romano”
A popular catholic news paper still in circulation as it didn’t direct oppose the fascists
53
How did Mussolini develop the cult of Il Duce
- presented himself as the multi talented and chosen leader of Italy -often photographed as a variety of things (e.g. a musician, swimmer, farmer) - his portrait was hung in every class room post 1929 - had his speeches played on public radio - compared himself to julius Caesar, a dominating leader reminiscent of Ancient Rome - convinced the public and himself he was the only suitable leader for Italy
54
When was Italian architecture at its prime?
In the inter-war years Italian architecture was viewed as the greatest display of modern architecture in the world
55
Give an example of how architecture was used to promote the regime?
The “Forro Mussolini” was .a sports venue built between 1928-38 to reflect those of ancient Rome
56
How could the art style of fascism be described?
Neo-classical (heavily inspired by classical Roman)
57
Which groups were artists expected to join?
The syndicate of artists
58
What was the impact of the 1926 public security decree?
Provincial prefects could put anyone suspected of political threat under supervision
59
Why did the fascists not need to use that much violence once they had developed a dictatorship?
The public remembered the squad violence and remained in fear so conformed
60
How many people were killed for political crime throughout the fascist era?
400
61
How many meetings did the special tribunals have between 1927-43?
720 meetings, only 49 death sentences
62
What was the OVRA and what were they entitled to do?
The secret police of the fascists Allowed to tap, intercept post and spy on anyone including fascists
63
What was the membership of the OVRA and what was its impact?
50,000 members Climate of fear as they would beat and intimidate their opponents
64
How many people were OVRA suspects by 1939, how many of these were actually arrested and imprisoned?
130,00 suspects 4,000 were arrested and imprisoned
65
How many political prisoners were there between 1922 - 43?
5,000
66
By 1940 how many death sentences had been given?
Only 10
67
How many were kept in remote prisons throughout the fascist era?
10,000
68
How many PNF members were Jews in 1938
10,000
69
Which high up PNF had shown sympathy for Jewish people and when?
Ciano in 1938, allowed Jews fleeing from Germany to come to Italy
70
What triggered the 1938 anti - Semitic decrees?
- the anti fascist group “justic and liberty”, had many Jewish leaders - the anti fascist French PM was also Jewish
71
How did Mussolini get rid of the influence of the ras?
In 1925 fascist grand council approved a motion forcing all ras to disband and any remaining squads to enlist in the militia
72
How did Mussolini gain the support of the military?
- increasing officers pay - appointing a conservative monarchist Bodoglio as the chief of general staff
73
What was the Palazzo Vidoni Pact?
Established the official fascist unions as the only representatives of Italy’s workers, thereby taking power from the socialist and catholic unions
74
When was the term prime minister ended and what was it replaced with?
In December 1925 the term PM was replaced by “head of government and Duce of fascism”
75
When was Mussolini given the right to rule by decree?
January 1926
76
How did Mussolini go about securing control regionally?
He abolished local government and replaced mayors with the “podesa”, local prefects who were appointed by Mussolini
77
Summarise some things Mussolini have done by 1926 to establish a dictatorship
- political parties had been banned apart from the PNF - anti-fascists could be prosecuted without right of peal - established the OVRA - Leader of the communist party arrested
78
By 1928 the fascist grand council had become the supreme body of the regime, what things could it do?
- amend the constitution - intervene in the succession to the throne - make a list of those who could succeed Mussolini
79
How did the speech to the chamber deputies in November 1926 help Mussolini establish control
He won a vote of 306 to 116 in the chamber of deputies to allow him emergency powers for a year
80
Who was a surprising member of the fascist grand council and why was he there?
A socialist names cavazzoni Keeping his enemies close to gain their support
81
When were the squads and militia merged, and what was this known as?
January 1923 the squads were formed into a new “voluntary fascist militia” which legitimised their violence by bringing it under state control Those in the voluntary fascist militia had to take an oath to Mussolini which undermined the position of the king and liber govt
82
When did the nationalist parties merge with the fascists?
Feb 1923
83
Explain the relationship between the king and Mussolini by the time the fascist state was developed
- king complained in private that his “prerogative powers” were being encroached upon - king forbade the army from doing the fascist salute - king refused to put the fascist symbol on the flag - king was critical of the anti- Semitic decrees - king granted titles by Mussolini such as “empower of Ethiopia” in 1936 - kings command of the military given to Mussolini instead
84
85
In what year did the government take control of the Italian film industry
1938
86

a level history (italy 1911-46) (4 decks)

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