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a level history (italy 1911-46) > 1918-22 (formation of dictator) > Flashcards

1918-22 (formation of dictator) Flashcards

1
Q

Which battle brought the war with Austria Hungary to an end

A

Vittorio veneto

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2
Q

Give two reasons for tension in rural areas in the south following WW1

A

More southerners were drafted for the war than northerners
Those conscripted from the south were treated very poorly by commanders

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3
Q

When did the Paris peace conference take place

A

January 1919 - 1920

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4
Q

Who was Italy’s representative at the conference

A

Orlando

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5
Q

Give two promises made at the treaty of London in 1915

A

they were promised land ( istria, south istrol, Dalmatian islands)

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6
Q

Why did Italy have a relatively poor case for occupying Fiume

A

They argued that Fiume had many Italians, however Italian speakers were a minority in Fiume

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7
Q

What expression did D’Annunzio use to describe Italy’s position following WW1?

A

“Mutilated Victory”

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8
Q

Name two territories that Italy managed to acquire as a result of the treaty of Versailles

A

south istrol
Trieste
Trentino

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9
Q

What does “Cagoia” means and who was referred to as this

A

Francesco nitti was called this by Italian nationalists
It means “abject coward”

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10
Q

Who led the occupation of Fiume?

A

Gabriel D’Annunzio

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11
Q

When did the occupation of Fiume take place?

A

September 1919 - December 1920

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12
Q

Name two ways in which the occupation of Fiume Inspired the later fascist state:

A
  • having his men wear black shirts
  • the use of violence (torture, fear on the streets…)
  • inspired Mussolini to believe that taking action had a good outcome
  • giving speeches , having rallies + dramatist
  • the use of clubs, castor oil treatment
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13
Q

Give two reasons why unemployment was so high after WW1

A
  • many returning soldiers did not receive their previous jobs
  • many industries thrived during the war time but now had no demand
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14
Q

What’s event in which country inspired the strikes and militant activity in post-war Italy?

A

The Russian Revolution

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15
Q

What were the two years of intensive industrial unrest referred to as?

A

Biennio Rosso
1919-1920
Italy’s “two red years”

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16
Q

Give two specific examples of strikes which took place during this time period

A
  • railway strikes
  • army strikes
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17
Q

Explain two changes made to elections before the 1919 election

A

Men over 21 could vote regardless of literacy
Increase in votes

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18
Q

What was the PPI and when was it set up?

A

The catholic party
January 1919

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19
Q

How did this pose a threat to Italy’s liberals

A
20
Q

How did the fascists fare in the 1919 election

A

They received 0 seats

21
Q

What type of government was formed as a result of this election and why?

A

A liberal coalition government was formed as no one party got a majority due to proportional representation

22
Q

What event took place in northern Italy in 1920 that helped convince Italians that they were on the verge of a socialist revolution

A

Biennio Rosso

23
Q

Which paper did Mussolini still use to spread fascist ideas in the early 20’s

A

Il popolo d’Italia

24
Q

What were the squads ?

A

The squadristi, black shirts , the PNF’s personal army/militia

25
Q

What tactics did the black shirts use to exert their authority

A

Violence:
- castor oil treatment
- clubs etc.
Fought other political parties militias
Intimidation (at polling etc.)
Targeting left wing individuals
Torched offices for left wing parties

26
Q

What was the name of the policy used by Mussolini to keep both extreme and moderate right wingers happy

A

Dual policy

27
Q

What was the result of the 1921 election

A

They now had 85 seats in government

28
Q

Provide the names of two policies dropped by the fascists between 1921-1922

A
  • anti papal values (anti RCC)
  • female suffrage
29
Q

Who resigned after this election any why ?

A

Giolitti
He tried his usual tactics of trying to absorb the other groups but it was ineffective.
Politics was too Polarized

30
Q

What was the pact of pacification?

A

Trying to work with socialist + trade unions
Trying to convince people that racism can work for workers

31
Q

Name one fascist leader who rejected it

A

Italo Balbo

32
Q

What was the PNF

A

The partito nationalista facista
The fascist party

33
Q

Give two ways in which this resembled a ‘respectable party

A

Had its own manifesto
Had a leader

34
Q

Where was the PNF based

A

Milan

35
Q

Give two ideas in the party’s “new programme” that would appeal ordinary Italians

A
  • set working hours (8hr working day)
  • anti socialist
  • more land (irredente lands)
  • patriotism
  • fairer taxes
  • more Mediterranean influence
  • nationalisation of industry
36
Q

Give two reasons why support for the ppi was waning by this stage

A
  • the pope rescinded his support for the PPI
  • the PNF adopted many rules to attract catholic support
37
Q

Who were Vecchi and Balbo

A

They were leading fascist party members

38
Q

What was the name of the king who ultimately made Mussolini PM

A

Victor Emmanuel III

39
Q

On what date was Mussolini officially sworn in

A

30th October 1922

40
Q

Why did VE3 not stop the fascists taking control in 1922

A
  • scared of socialists (revolution)
  • pressure from his cousin who was a fascist supporter (his rival)
  • believed Mussolini could offer the country progression
  • had little faith that the army would intervene
  • liberal politicians had supported Mussolini (e.g. Salandra)
41
Q

Who could have/did stand in Mussolini’s way in 1922

A
  • PSI,PPI,PCI
  • other coalition members (there were only 4 fascist members in the government)
  • VEIII
  • the ras
  • industrialists
  • RCC
42
Q

Why did the conservative and liberals allow Mussolini emergency powers (nov 1922)

A
  • so he could oppose socialism
  • they wanted him to oversee political reform
  • they thought Mussolini could be controlled
  • they believed it was temporary (he was only granted one year)
  • they believed after this fascism could be absorbed
43
Q

How did Mussolini ensure support from the RCC

A
  • baptised his children
  • attacked freemasonry
  • banned contraception
  • increased clerical salaries
  • introduced religious education
44
Q

‘Leggi Fascistissime’ law passed from December 1925

A
  • banned all opposition parties
  • more press censorship
  • oVRA (secret police)
  • special tribunal for defence of state
  • replacing local mayors with a pedesta (local leading fascist)
45
Q

Acerbo law - July 1923

A
  • Mussolini changed the electoral system
  • -he proposed normal general elections but the part that won the most votes (at least 25%) of votes would get 2/3 of the seats

a level history (italy 1911-46) (3 decks)

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