the family; beyond attachment

Question 1

attachment theory - Bowlby 1968, 1973 and 1980

Answer 1

security
insecure - avoidence and rejected

Question 2

dimensions of parenting

Answer 2

expressed affection
involvement
conflict
control
monitoring
teaching
security

Question 3

Diana Baumrind 1973

Answer 3

assessed 4 dimensions of parenting
- control
- nurturance
- clarity of communication
- maturity demands

in combination these yield 4 distinct parenting styles

Question 4

Baumrind 1973 - parenting style model

Answer 4

authoritative
permissive
authoritarian
neglectful

measured on a scale of high or low in the traits of responsiveness ( y axis) and demandingness (x axis)

Question 5

Baumrind 1973 - evaluation

Answer 5

strength use of observation in natural setting

limitation WEIRD sample

Question 6

authoritarian parenting

Answer 6

high control and demanding, low nurturance and responsiveness

children display low levels of independence and social responsibility

Question 7

permissive parenting

Answer 7

high on love and affection but exercise limited control and place few demands on children

these children tend to be aimless, immature, lack impulse control and self-reliance, as well as lacking social responsibility and independence

Question 8

authoritative parenting

Answer 8

high levels of warmth and achievement demands
firm but non-punitive control and open communication between parents and children

these children are most competent, self reliant, socially responsible, keen to achieve, cooperative

Question 9

rejecting - neglecting parenting

Answer 9

disengaged style
parents are neither responsive nor are they demanding
they may be actively rejecting or simply neglect their child care responsibilities

most harmful to children resulting in low levels of cognitive and social competence

Question 10

dornbusch et al - 1987 - adolescent school performance

Answer 10

data collected from over 7 thousand adolescents in San francisco area

questionnaire of
authoritarian, permissive and authoritative parenting

only classified if they were in the top 3rd of one of the groups otherwise classified as a mixed parenting style

then looked at male, female and a total grade point average

Question 11

findings = dornbusch et al - 1987 - adolescent school performance

Answer 11

found that
children that classified that parents as only authoritative had the highest grade average point
mean of 3.02 overall

authoritarian was the next highest at 2.62

lowest grade average was of the children that parents classified high in all the styles of parenting

Question 12

authoritative parenting - beyond school performance

Answer 12

was linked to

adaptive behaviours and fewer behaviour problems
higher subjective wellbeing
higher self-esteem and life satisfaction
lower depression
lower substance and alcohol use in adolescence

Question 13

cross- cultural differences

Answer 13

most research is predominantly WEIRD samples

Baumrind’s categories are applicable across cultures but parents in non-western cultures may endorse different styles of parenting

recent cross-cultural review found similar results for west compared to india studies but also cultural shift occurring in indian families form authoritarian to more authoritative parenting practices